Stability and order on the home front constituted a vital condition for mobilization efforts in the Ottoman Empire. A number of measures issued by the Ottoman government during the First World War reveal that there was a need to take action against the destructive effects of war on the social tissue of society. This article takes into account prostitution, which was among the primary issues on ...

This paper discusses the history of an 1845 Ottoman hospital founded by Bezm-i Alem, mother of the reigning sultan Abdülmecit I (reigned 1839-1856), embedded in the medical and political contexts of the Middle East in the nineteenth century. The main focus of this paper is the Ottoman discourse of modernization, which identified progress with modernization and westernization and induced a belie...

The Ottoman Empire established in 1299 and continued 6 centuries covering an area of about 5.6 million squared km. The Empire left a large collection of valuable archives interesting to historians from all over the world. Investigation and understanding these documents will shed light on the history of the world. In order to achieve access of the considered information by worldwide scientists, ...

This paper provides standardized estimates of labor productivity in arable farming in selected regions of the early Ottoman Empire, including Jerusalem and neighboring districts in eastern Mediterranean; Bursa and Malatya in Anatolia; and Thessaly, Herzegovina, and Budapest in eastern Europe. I use data from the tax registers of the Ottoman Empire to estimate grain output per worker, standardiz...

By the early 16th century, the Ottoman Empire had emerged as a major military power in Southeastern Europe and the Middle East. The Ottomans were feared and admired by contemporaneous Europeans from Niccol6 Machiavelli to Ivan Peresvetov. The latter regarded the empire of Sultan Mehmed II (r. 1444-46, 1451-81) as a model to be emulated by his own ruler, Ivan IV of Muscovy (r. 1547-84), and inde...

Looking at state finance in the Ottoman Empire from a Dutch perspective shows remarkable differences between the two systems. This article suggests that these differences were related to the fact that, in contrast to those in the Ottoman Empire, fiscal systems in western Europe, and especially in the Netherlands, developed within a context of economy-driven rather than state-driven trajectories...

European perceptions of the Islamic Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth century have often been read through the prism of Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the Laws (1748). His ‘moral geography’ depicted a despotic and decayed Islamic Ottoman polity in contrast to the dynamism displayed in European states. Montesquieu’s comparisons and contrasts between the Ottoman East and Europe appear to support Edwa...

Ottoman characters from three different fonts are used character recognition problem, broadly speaking, is transferring a page that contain symbols to the computer and matching these symbols with previously known or recognized symbols after extraction the features of these symbols via appropriate preprocessing methods. Because of silent features of the characters, implementing an Ottoman charac...

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the sitting posture on the lower limb venous flow and to explore the beneficial effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and an ottoman-type seat on the venous flow. Healthy adult volunteers without a history of lower limb surgery or thromboembolism were recruited, and the flow velocity, cross-sectional area, and flow volume of t...