to investigate the root anatomy and hydraulic conductivity of wheat cultivars, including shiraz, bahar, pishtaz, sistan, and yavaros, a series of controlled environment (growth chamber) experiments were hydroponically conducted at university college of dublin (ucd), ireland in 2010. bahar, pishtaz and sistan cultivars were employed as tolerant to drought and shiraz and yavaros as sensitive. twe...

Mechanistic understanding of thermo-osmosis at nano scale is linked with non-equilibrium thermodynamics the phenomenon. Fluid molecules boundary layers solid surfaces experience a driving force which generates thermo-osmotic flow.

Low-pressure osmotic-based membrane separation, such as osmotic distillation (OMD) and forward osmosis (FO), is a separation process suitable for the concentration of liquid food with heat-sensitive components. In FO, dense hydrophilic used osmotic-pressure gradient driving force. Reverse salt diffusion low are major phenomena impeding FO application. Food preservatives can be applied draw solu...

Prior to an assessment of the role of aquaporins in root water uptake, the main path of water movement in different types of root and driving forces during day and night need to be known. In the present study on hydroponically grown barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) the two main root types of 14- to 17-d-old plants were analysed for hydraulic conductivity in dependence of the main driving force (hydr...

Aquaporins and aquaglyceroporins are membrane channel proteins that selectively transport water and small molecules such as glycerol across biological membranes. Molecular dynamics simulations have made substantial contributions toward understanding the permeation mechanisms of aquaporins in atomic detail. Osmotic pressure is the driving force of the transport by aquaporins. The osmotic water p...

The improvement of an innovative dual membrane contactor process for treatment of combined hygiene and metabolic wastewater was investigated. Flux and solute rejection in the combined direct osmosis/osmotic distillation (DO/OD) process were enhanced by incorporating membrane distillation (MD) concepts into the process. Two new configurations were investigated: DO/MD, in which the driving force was

In this work, the concentration process of three different tea extracts (medicinal Rosil No. 6, Black, and Forest Fruit teas) using the osmotic evaporation (OE) process, was studied. The effect of the OE process on the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The concentration process was carried out in a hollow-fibre membrane contactor with an effective surface are...

When the concentration of sodium (Na(+)) in arterial plasma (P(Na)) declines sufficiently to inhibit the release of vasopressin, water will be excreted promptly when the vast majority of aquaporin 2 water channels (AQP2) have been removed from luminal membranes of late distal nephron segments. In this setting, the volume of filtrate delivered distally sets the upper limit on the magnitude of th...

We demonstrate that there are two experimentally distinguishable steps in the fusion of phospholipid vesicles with planar bilayer membranes. In the first step, the vesicles form a stable, tightly bound pre-fusion state with the planar membrane; divalent cations (Ca++) are required for the formation of this state if the vesicular and/or planar membrane contain negatively charged lipids. In the s...