conclusions according to this result, regular exercise in case of fasting in ramadan led to some changes in serum osmolarity index, electrolytes and water. therefore, it is important for female athletes to consider applying a suitable nutritious diet and sufficient water consumption during ramadan results the mean differences were as follows: significant weight loss, bmi, whr, in two groups at ...

context: normal pregnancy is associated with sodium and water retention, which results in plasma volume expansion prior to placental implantation. the explanation offered for these events is that pregnancy ‘resets’ both volume and osmoreceptors. evidence acquisition: the mechanisms for such an enigmatic ‘resetting’ in pregnancy have not previously been explained. however, recent human pregnancy...

Although the teaching case report in the March 27 issue on a negative anion gap and elevated osmolar gap resulting from lithium overdose is interesting, I identified the following concern. In the third paragraph from the end of the report, the authors listed lactate as one of the potential causes of an elevated osmolar gap that they excluded. It is unfortunate that they perpetuated this common ...

Backgrounds: We studied the changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and brain trace elements concentration in acute hypo-osmolality and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures model in rats. Furthermore, the effect of acute hypo-osmolality on seizure activity (patterns) in the PTZ model, the correlation between seizure severity score (SS score) and changes of both of BBB permeability...

Broth cultures of Acholeplasma laidlawii were fixed with various concentrations of cacodylate-buffered glutaraldehyde. The shape and ultrastructure of the organisms varied with the osmolar concentration of the fixative. When the fixation mixture was hypertonic to the culture medium, ultrathin sections suggested that the cells had shrunk. Phosphate buffer, sodium chloride, or sucrose at comparab...

Because of the escalating number of patients on dialysis and the increased use of vascular access surveillance, more and more hemodialysis patients are undergoing angiographic procedures for angioplasty and thrombectomy of their vascular access. Such procedures expose these patients to radiographic contrast agents (RCAs). Even though, newer low-osmolar and iso-osmolar nonionic RCAs, which are a...

Separated erythrocytes are washed repeatedly with iso-osmolar magnesium chloride solution, lysed by adding saponin, and sodium potassium measured in the diluted hemolysate by flame photometry. The coefficient of variation for the method was less than 4%. Reference intervals determined for a healthy population and hospitalized (elective surgery) patients without electrolyte disorders were 4.6-7....