This paper introduces Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method for measuring voltage in the Optical Voltage Transducer (OVT) using one or more electric field sensors. In order to obtain an accurate voltage measurement with minimum number of sensors, first the locations of sensors are specified by quadrature method. Then the electric field intensity at these locations is provided to ANN for the ca...

In the perspective of a capillary power system monitoring, measurement transducers must have larger and larger bandwidth and accuracy, due to proliferation on power grids of new power quality phenomena. Various types of voltage transducers, based on different operation principles, have been realized; in particular, those based on voltage dividers and optical insulation with digital communicatio...

Increasing interest is being shown in the use of microprocessor for protection, switching and data acquisition required in modern high voltage substations. One of the most difficult functions to fulfill is that of transmission line distance protection employing samples of the voltage and current waveform taken from high voltage transducer equipment at the usual relaying point. This paper examin...

There are fewer problems encountered with optical voltage transducers in comparison with their inductive and capacitive counterparts. Although capacitive and inductive transformers are used vastly for the purpose of measurement and protection in the networks, they cause problems such as core saturation and improper transient responses which decrease the accuracy of measurement and eficiency of ...

As an important equipment, voltage transformer is widely used in power grid to obtain signal and protect the system. In this paper, transformers system are classified according working principle. The principle characteristics of potential (PT), capacitor (CVT), electronic (EVT) optical transducer (OVT) briefly analyzed. Besides, paper also introduces principle, category transformer, as well app...

Problem statement: The design of Capacitance to Voltage Converter (CVC) for capacitive sensor transducer was presented. The proposed design will reduce the size, power consumption and supply voltage of the circuit and can be used in high frequency band transducer. Approach: The design was implemented using the Operational amplifier (Op amp) and capacitive network. The circuit was simulated usin...

A class V cymbal flextensional transducer is composed of a piezoceramic disc sandwiched between two cymbal-shaped shell endcaps. Depending on the type of piezoceramic, there exists a maximum voltage that can be reached without depolarisation, but also, at higher voltage levels, amplitude saturation can occur. In addition, there is a restriction imposed by the mechanical strength of the bonding ...

The current primary method for hydrophone calibration is the three-transducer spherical-wave reciprocity at NPL, covering the frequency range between 1 kHz up to 500 kHz with expanded uncertainties as low as ± 0.5 dB. Optical methods can provide an alternative method for primary calibration as they directly measure the acoustic particle velocity at a specific point in the field. The hydrophone ...

this study was conducted to determine the use of three-dimensional ultrasonography (3du) in ocular imaging of the dog and measuring of its optical axis. 12 healthy mixed-breed dogs including 6 males and 6 females were studied. 3du of the eyes were done using a 5–12 mhz linear trapezoid transducer. 3du of the eyes were evaluated and the normal optical long axis through a line between the cornea ...

there are fewer problems encountered with optical voltage transducers in comparison with their inductive and capacitive counterparts. although capacitive and inductive transformers are used vastly for the purpose of measurement and protection in the networks, they cause problems such as core saturation and improper transient responses which decrease the accuracy of measurement and eficiency of ...