A phylogenetic study was conducted to hypothesize relationships of most of the genera of the Oniticellini and Onthophagini for the first time using morphological characters from a diverse array of external and internal sclerites. The monophyly and sister relationship of both tribes was found using Bayesian and parsimony analyses with heavily to moderately weighted data. An alternative hypothesi...

new locality data are given for eight species of geotrupidae and 65 species and sub-species of scarabaeidae dung beetles from iran. the species onthophagus (palaeonthophagus) anatolicus petrovitz, 1962, and onitis alexis ssp. septentrionalis balthasar, 1942, are recorded for the first time from iran.

Complex traits like limbs, brains, or eyes form through coordinated integration of diverse cell fates across developmental space and time, yet understanding how complexity and integration emerge from uniform, undifferentiated precursor tissues remains limited. Here, we use ectopic eye formation as a paradigm to investigate the emergence and integration of novel complex structures following mass...