purpose : ophthalmoplegia makes many physicians to refer the patients to neurologists and/or ophthalmologists for neuro-ophthalmic evaluation. ophthalmoplegia has different etiologies some of which may be very harmful and need urgent intervention. prevalence of the disease is not obvious. this study is designed to evaluate the various etiologies and their prevalence in this disorder. methods : ...

Abnormalities of ocular motility serve as valuable signposts for the localization of lesions of the cerebral hemispheres, brainstem, cranial nerves, and even striated muscle. Ocular symptoms and signs are particularly helpful when examining the patient in coma (see Chapter 22). In this chapter, the term ocular motor refers to cranial nerves III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear), and VI (abducens), c...

As demonstrated by their common embryological origin, the retinas and anterior visual pathways (optic nerves, optic chiasm, and optic tracts) are an integral part of the brain, providing a substantial proportion of total sensory input. They frequently give important diagnostic clues to central nervous system disorders. Intracranial disease frequently causes visual disturbances because of destru...

Eye movement abnormalities constitute an important clinical sign that can be a manifestation of dysfunction of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI (the 3 ocular motor nerves). Specific motility deficits often have highly localizing value within the neuroaxis, serving to refine a differential diagnosis and guide management. This article reviews the key anatomic concepts, clinical presentation, differ...

Purpose To spatially and temporally define ocular motor nerve development in the presence and absence of extraocular muscles (EOMs). Methods Myf5cre mice, which in the homozygous state lack EOMs, were crossed to an IslMN:GFP reporter line to fluorescently label motor neuron cell bodies and axons. Embryonic day (E) 11.5 to E15.5 wild-type and Myf5cre/cre:IslMN:GFP whole mount embryos and disse...

BACKGROUND/AIM Peripheral nerve destruction is the hallmark of leprosy. Ocular complications form a substantial part of the clinical manifestations but histopathology of nerve destruction within ocular structures has not been shown satisfactorily. The role of protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 in identifying nerve destruction in the ciliary body and posterior ciliary nerves of lepromatous eyes is s...

A study of ocular changes in reactions in leprosy was undertaken to assign these changes, their proper place in the wide spectrum of ocular morbidity in leprosy. 76.1% of eyes of Type I reaction and 89.7% of eyes with Type II reaction showed some ocular involvement. Corneal hypoaesthesia, superficial punctate keratitis, a decrease of corneal film break up time (BUT), prominent corneal nerves, p...

PURPOSE Mast cells are classically found in ocular tissues within the conjunctiva, choroid, and iris. The aim of this study was to examine their distribution in the optic nerve and its meninges. METHODS Sixty-six human optic nerves were studied from normal subjects at autopsy, fetuses aborted for chromosomal abnormalities, and from enucleation specimens of patients with a variety of inflammat...