background: spontaneous preterm labor is one of the common obstetrics problems causing several physical, psychological and economical outcomes. although due to these outcomes and the efficacy of cares for decreasing them, preterm labor screening is cost-effective and it is still one of the challenging issues in obstetrics. objective: in this study preterm labor screening by using cervical trans...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether the obstetric gel shortens the second stage of labor and exerts a protective effect on the perineum. METHOD A total of 251 nulliparous women with singleton low-risk pregnancies in vertex position at term were recruited. A total of 228 eligible women were randomly assigned to Group A, without obstetric gel use, or to Group B, obstetric gel use, i.e., intermittent...

The effect of military service on subsequent earnings has not been taken into account in the decennial debate on the abolition of military conscription in Western Europe. This paper, using a quasi–natural experiment due to the abolition of military conscription in the UK in 1960, provides evidence of the long–term effects of conscription on subsequent earnings. In particular, we explore whether...

This paper reports on the prevalence of child labor among children 5-14 years of age in Pakistan. As reliable and comprehensive data on this age group are not available, the study was based on microdata of child labor in the 10-14 year age range from the latest Labor Force Surveys: 1990-91, 1991-92, and 1992-93. The study shows that child labor in the 1014 age cohort increased to 2.0 million ...

Women comprise 44 percent of the labor movement, but a smaller percentage of union leaders. We discuss the importance of having a leadership that is representative of the membership, some of the differences between male and female leadership, and why the labor movement needs more women leaders. In order to promote women’s leadership, we first discuss a four-stage model of how union leaders deve...

BACKGROUND Abnormal labor is one of the common emergency obstetric problems contributing for more than two-thirds of the unplanned cesarean section. In Ethiopia, although labor abnormality and its complications like obstetric fistula are highly prevalent, there is no published study that determines the predictors of labor abnormalities. METHODS The study design was an unmatched case control w...

UNLABELLED An obstetric fistula is classically regarded as an "accident of childbirth" in which prolonged obstructed labor leads to destruction of the vesicovaginal/rectovaginal septum with consequent loss of urinary and/or fecal control. Obstetric fistula is highly stigmatizing and afflicted women often become social outcasts. Although obstetric fistula has been eliminated from advanced indust...

Obstructed labor is a common complication of human childbirth. In parts of the world where access to emergency obstetric services is limited, obstructed labor is a major cause of maternal mortality. Women who survive the ordeal of prolonged obstructed labor often end up suffering from an obstetric vesicovaginal fistula or another serious birth injury that leaves them crippled for life. Compared...

BACKGROUND Active management of third stage of labor played a great role to prevent child birth related hemorrhage. However, maternal morbidity and mortality related to hemorrhage is high due to lack of knowledge and skill of obstetric care providers 'on active management of third stage of labor. Our study was aimed to assess knowledge, practice and associated factors of obstetric care provider...