the present study sought to investigate the acquisition of referential, quasi and expletive subject pronouns, three different types of obligatory subjects in english, by adult persian speaking l2 learners of english at different stages of l2 acquisition. a grammaticality judgment test and a translation test were designed and developed to elicit the participants' knowledge of obligatory subjects...

While learners’ ability to speak academic language develops over time in content-based programs, the development of their nonacademic language appears to lag behind. Students’ speaking in content-based (CB) classrooms is confined to an academic discourse style. In the researchers’ point of view, the gap of less amount of nonacademic speaking can be bridged by the application of the conceptual f...

The present study sought to investigate the acquisition of referential, quasi and expletive subject pronouns, three different types of obligatory subjects in English, by adult Persian speaking L2 learners of English at different stages of L2 acquisition. A Grammaticality Judgment Test and a Translation Test were designed and developed to elicit the participants' knowledge of obligatory subjects...

while learners’ ability to speak academic language develops over time in content-based programs, the development of their nonacademic language appears to lag behind. students’ speaking in content-based (cb) classrooms is confined to an academic discourse style. in the researchers’ point of view, the gap of less amount of nonacademic speaking can be bridged by the application of the conceptual f...

This study aimed to shed light on the question words in Kurdish language according G.B theory, which consists of two sections, conclusions and a list references. The first section is devoted theoretical background other studies are relevant language. In second section, transformations divided into types, optional transformation obligatory transformation. both situations, scientific approval exa...

We introduce the concept of an Action Policy in the context of databases. Intuitively, such a policy tells us which from a collection of actions must be executed (i.e. are obligatory), which are forbidden from being executed, and which are permitted (but not obligatory) given a state of the database. We approach this by a rule-based action language which uses concepts of deontic logic. We defin...

    Background: Intelligibility refers to understandability of speech; and lack of it can negatively affect children’s overall communication effectiveness. Children with repaired cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) may experience poor speech intelligibility. This study aimed at evaluating speech intelligibility in children with repaired CL/P who had not been referred to sp...

This experimental study investigated the learners’ integrative acquisition of obligatory overt subjects and subject-verb clause agreement in English as an L2. In L1 acquisition research, correlations between superficially unrelated linguistic phenomena are analyzed in terms of integrative effects. For instance, in English L1 acquisition, there is evidence for an integrative appearance of subjec...

Gesture and speech are assumed to form an integrated system during language production. Based on this view, we propose the integrated-systems hypothesis, which explains two ways in which gesture and speech are integrated--through mutual and obligatory interactions--in language comprehension. Experiment 1 presented participants with action primes (e.g., someone chopping vegetables) and bimodal s...