When people estimate a numeric value after judging whether it is larger or smaller than a high or low anchor value (comparative question), estimates are biased in the direction of the anchor. One explanation for this anchoring effect is that people selectively access knowledge consistent with the anchor value as part of a positive test strategy. Two studies (total N = 184) supported the alterna...

Previous work has identified a distributed, network of neural systems involved in appraising the value of rewards, such as when winning $100. We hypothesized that involvement of intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in this network is specialized for processing numeric rather than monetary value. To test our hypothesis, we manipulated numeric magnitude and units to construct a range of economic rewards (e...

Previous work has identified a distributed network of neural systems involved in appraising the value of rewards, such as when winning $100 versus $1. These studies, however, confounded monetary value and the number used to represent it, which leads to the possibility that some elements in the network may be specialized for processing numeric rather than monetary value. To test this hypothesis,...

The authors provide a didactic treatment of nonlinear (categorical) principal components analysis (PCA). This method is the nonlinear equivalent of standard PCA and reduces the observed variables to a number of uncorrelated principal components. The most important advantages of nonlinear over linear PCA are that it incorporates nominal and ordinal variables and that it can handle and discover n...

The Observer-Conditioned-Observable (OCO) combines digitizing and transcoding of numeric change events. During the processing of numeric events, the transcoder converts the number from one range into another while preserving the mathematical integrity of the value. Numeric controllers that generate such events can be based in floating point numbers or integer numbers. For example, the JSpinners...

A new steganographic method via the use of numeric data on public websites with a self-authentication capability is proposed. The proposed technique transforms a secret message into partial shares by Shamir’s (k, n)-threshold secret sharing scheme with n = k + 1. The generated k+1 partial shares then are embedded into the numeric items to be disguised as part of the website’s numeric content, y...