The uses and abuses of history are many. Most of them stem from the search for power rather than the truth. In a post-totalitarian country, the misremembered past may be used both against the previous regime and in its defense. From the perspective of “pure scholarship” both cases are deplorable, but the latter seems more obviously dangerous. Here we examine a few examples of this tendency in c...

Martin Nowak is Head of the Program in Theoretical Biology at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He will move to Harvard University later this year. Nowak’s work initiated the field of virus dynamics — the mathematical description of how viruses spread within infected individuals. This led to a quantitative understanding of HIV infection (see ‘Virus dynamics’, by Martin Nowak and Ro...

(2)1 For every set X and for all functions f , g such that X ⊆ dom f and f ⊆ g holds f X = g X . (3) For every non empty set A and for every set b such that A 6= {b} there exists an element a of A such that a 6= b. (4) For all sets X , Y holds every non empty subset of X→̇Y is a non empty functional set. (5) Let B be a non empty functional set and f be a function. Suppose f = ⋃ B. Then dom f = ⋃...

The paper deals with a generalization of the notion of partition for wider classes of binary relations than equivalences: for quasiorders and tolerance relations. The counterpart of partition for the quasiorders is based on a generalization of the notion of equivalence class while it is shown that such a generalization does not work in case of tolerances. Some results from [5] are proved in a m...

ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Nowak A, Pawliczak R. Cigarette smoking and oxidative stress. Alergologia Polska - Polish Journal of Allergology. 2022. doi:10.5114/pja.2022.116285. APA Nowak, A., & Pawliczak, (2022). https://doi.org/10.5114/pja.2022.116285 Chicago Artur, Rafał Pawliczak. "Cigarette stress". Harvard MLA Artur et al. stress." Alle...

1.1 Urban forestry in the United States: Status and scope The United States has observed unprecedented urban growth over the last few decades. Nowak et al. (2005) noted that between 1990 and 2000, the share of urban land area in the nation increased from 2.5% to 3.1%. Existing urban areas in the U.S. maintain average tree coverage of 27% (Nowak et al. 2001), and consist of millions of trees alo...