در خلق داستان، اجزای بسیاری دخالت دارند که عناصر داستان نامیده می شوند. داستان نویس معاصر می کوشد تا با بهره گیری از این عناصر و درآمیختن دنیای واقعی با تخیّل خود، یک مجموعه ی هماهنگ را به وجود آورد تا تأثیر مورد نظر خود را بر خواننده بگذارد. مهم ترین این عناصر، عنصر درون مایه است که شالوده ی هر اثر داستانی را می سازد. پژوهش حاضر، رمان های دو نویسنده ی تأثیرگذار معاصر، فرخنده آقایی و ناهید طبا...

this study was an attempt to investigate and compare the effect of lexical inferencing and concept mapping on developing vocabulary retention of iranian language learners. sixty homogeneous students from different intact classes who were being taught as intermediate learners in sokhan english institute participated in this study. they were in different classes. a teacher made test as a pre-test...

toury (1978:200) believes that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions. being polite while asking for something takes place differently in different cultures and languages, therefore various strategies may be applied for making requests and also translation of them in order not to disturb or threaten the face or better to sa...

the poor orientation of the restaurants toward the information technology has yet many unsolved issues in regards to the customers. one of these problems which lead the appeal list of later, and have a negative impact on the prestige of the restaurant is the case when the later does not respond on time to the customers’ needs, and which causes their dissatisfaction. this issue is really sensiti...

according to coates’s (2004, as cited in zhang, 2010) definition of "conversational dominance" (p.111), it refers to the phenomenon of a speaker dominating others in interaction. specifically, it means how a speaker makes use of certain strategies to get the floor and maintain the floor. thus, the amount of talk is the main measurement for the dominance of the conversation. whether a speaker do...

the main objective in sampling is to select a sample from a population in order to estimate some unknown population parameter, usually a total or a mean of some interesting variable. a simple way to take a sample of size n is to let all the possible samples have the same probability of being selected. this is called simple random sampling and then all units have the same probability of being ch...