Among naturalist philosophers, both defenders and opponents of moral relativism argue that prescriptive moral theories (or normative theories) should be constrained by empirical findings about human psychology. Empiricists have asked if people are or can be moral relativists, and what effect being a moral relativist can have on an individual’s moral functioning. This research is underutilized i...

the purpose of this paper is to study the impact of using the internet on the normative, relativistic and cosmopolitan attitudes of the students of tabriz university. the writers have used the survey method in their study and obtained the data of their research through a questionnaire. the statistical sample consists of 283 graduate and doctoral students of tabriz university. the findings of th...

In the last two decades, there have been numerous calls for a culturally sensitive bioethics. At the same time, bioethicists have become increasingly involved in empirical research, which is a sign of dissatisfaction with the analytic methods of traditional bioethics. In this article, I will argue that although these developments have broadened and enriched the field of bioethics, they can easi...

I begin with some familiar conceptions of epistemic relativism. One kind of epistemic relativism is descriptive pluralism. This is the simple, non-normative thesis that many different communities, cultures, social networks, etc. endorse different epistemic systems (E-systems), i.e., different sets of norms, standards, or principles for forming beliefs and other doxastic states. Communities try ...

Mixed methods research (MMR) has been described as the third research paradigm that combines qualitative and quantitative research methods. The mixing of research methods requires an epistemological framework that embraces the " reality " uncovered by different research methods. Three formal ontological categories are introduced for deconstructing the polarized view of reality in objectivism an...

1. An oxymoronic concept? ..................................................................................................................... 2 2. The longing for moral community ....................................................................................................... 4 3. The normative regulation of speech ...........................................................................

1. An oxymoronic concept? ..................................................................................................................... 2 2. The longing for moral community ....................................................................................................... 4 3. The normative regulation of speech ...........................................................................

The rationality paradox centers on the observation that people are highly intelligent, yet show evidence of errors and biases in their thinking when measured against normative standards. Elqayam and Evans' (2011) reject normative standards in the psychological study of thinking, reasoning and deciding in favor of a 'value-free' descriptive approach to studying high-level cognition. In reviewing...

One major focus of recent value‐pluralist literature has been the question of what normative consequences follow from pluralism. This essay critically examines three arguments that attempt to show that either liberalism or a bounded modus vivendi is the state of affairs that pluralism makes morally preferable. All three arguments are shown to encounter the same fundamental problem—once we have ...