Introduction: Neurons in layer II and III of the somatosensory cortex in rats show high frequency (33 ± 13 Hz) of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) that their rates and amplitudes are independent of sodium channels. There are some changes in these currents in neurodegenerative and psychological disorders. Regarding to well known roles of the neuromodulatory brain systems in...

introduction: neurons in layer ii and iii of the somatosensory cortex in rats show high frequency (33 ± 13 hz) of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mepscs) that their rates and amplitudes are independent of sodium channels. there are some changes in these currents in neurodegenerative and psychological disorders. regarding to well known roles of the neuromodulatory brain systems in th...

Objective: To evaluate the possible antidepressant effects of alpha-terpineol in rodents. Material and Methods: Depression levels were analyzed by comparing total immobility time presented animals experimental groups test session, using Forced Swimming Test Tail Suspension Test. The parameters locomotion (central, peripheral total) motor coordination evaluated Open Field Rota Rod Test, respecti...

The brain noradrenergic system supplies the neurotransmitter norepinephrine throughout the brain via widespread efferent projections, and plays a pivotal role in modulating cognitive activities in the cortex. Profound noradrenergic degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients has been observed for decades, with recent research suggesting that the locus coeruleus (where noradrenergic neuron...

Glucocorticoids are known to regulate both the noradrenergic and GABAergic inputs to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). However, little is known about the effects of glucocorticoids on the interaction of these two input systems. Here we examined the effects of bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) on the noradrenergic modulation of GABAergic transmission in the type II PVN neurons labeled with a retrog...

Bulbospinal noradrenergic pathways are shown to have an important role in descending inhibition of pain sensation. Locus ceruleus (LC), as a rich noradrenergic nucleus in the brain stem which has projections into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, was evaluated for antinociceptive activity by using tonic and phasic pain models in the rat. LC-lesioned rats demonstrated moderate increase in ...

In this report, we have tested the hypothesis that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an anterograde neurotrophic factor in the CNS and have focused on central noradrenergic neurons that synthesize BDNF. Double-label immunocytochemistry for BDNF and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), a marker for noradrenergic neurons, demonstrated that BDNF is partially localized to noradrenergic nerve ...

Background: It is generally accepted that the parasympathetic nerve predominates in patients with nasal allergies. On the other hand, resection or local anesthetic block of the cervical sympathetic ganglion has been proven to cause ipsilateral hyperaemia, swelling, and hypersecretion of the nasal mucosa. It is interesting to study noradrenergic nerve fluorescence in the nasal mucosa of rhinitis...

The masseteric jaw closure reflex was utilized as a model system with which to gauge the functional activity of central noradrenergic neurons. This system was chosen because it is a simple monosynaptic reflex the neuronal substrate of which receives a dense noradrenergic input. The modulatory effects of norepinephrine (NE) on this response in the intact, chloral hydrate-anesthetized rat were st...

The chicken locus coeruleus contains a population of noradrenergic neurons which express the neurotrophin receptor p75 (von Bartheld and Bothwell, 1992). To determine which neurotrophin may regulate the development of noradrenergic neurons in the chicken locus coeruleus, expression of trk receptors, retrograde transport of neurotrophins, and responses to NGF were examined. P75-expressing noradr...