Within a formal framework, where each object is characterized by a set of predicates as a binary sequence of 0 and 1, a nominal level of measurement is discussed. The nominal scale is reinterpreted as a set of predicates, and nominal measurement as an assignment of binary sequences to the objects. One remarkable character of this formalization is a reciprocal relationship between the objects an...

The aim of this paper is robust identification of smart foam, as an electroacoustic transducer, considering unmodeled dynamics due to nonlinearities in behaviour at low frequencies and measurement noise at high frequencies as existent uncertainties. Set membership estimation combined with model error modelling technique is used where the approach is based on worst case scenario with unknown but...

The authors have recently developed a number of instruments for measuring harmonic composition of power grid signals. These instruments have a simple, predominantly digital architecture and they are based on an assumption that the frequency of the measured signals equals its nominal value (50 Hz, 60 Hz or 400 Hz). This approach has enabled the measurement of a high number of harmonics within a ...

The need for measuring the dispersion of nominal categorical attributes appears in several applications, like clustering or data anonymization. For a nominal attribute whose categories can be hierarchically classified, a measure of the variance of a sample drawn from that attribute is proposed which takes the attribute’s hierarchy into account. The new measure is the reciprocal of ‘‘consanguini...

A large array of nominal measurement structures can give rise to proportional readings, i.e., readings which specify the relation two measurements. Two key questions in analysis such is (a) whether are (or be) some sense inherently or proportionality comes be part meaning via external factor, like manipulation a contextual standard, choice measure function, presence relative modifier, and (b) w...

master moulds are used to cast copper anode moulds. these iron moulds are made of grey or nodular cast irons. according to desirable properties of ductile irons, it was expected that ductile cast iron moulds could have performed their nominal life. but in service, these moulds have not performed their nominal life and they have experienced premature failures due to warping and cracking. also gr...

In medicine and social sciences, data are often collected in the form of nominal or ordinal scale of measurement. When data are collected in form of interval or ratio scale of measurement they are usually reduced into either nominal or ordinal form for easy analysis,; thus, this work considered the possible effect of loss of information in reducing scales of measurement when data in form of int...

Managers can improve real risk-adjusted firm performance by matching nominal assets with nominal liabilities, thereby reducing the sensitivity of real risk-adjusted returns to unexpected inflation. We model these returns as a function of nominal and real assets and liabilities and illustrate our proposition using a simulation. We test the empirical implications of our model in a sample of liste...

Probe radius compensation is necessary in metrology applications that employ contact probes, but it can be a signi® cant source of systematic measurement errors when dealing with freeform part geometry. The paper presents implementation and performance analysis of a proposed new compensation technique based on the nominal computer aided design (CAD) model, which is assumed to be de® ned using n...

This paper presents a new method to correct for measurement error in wage data and applies this method to address an old question. How much downward wage flexibility is there in the U.S? We apply standard methods developed by Bai and Perron (1998b) to identify structural breaks in time series data. Applying these methods to wage histories allows us to identify when each person experienced a cha...