the objective of this work is to elucidate various essential drugs in the brazil, russia, india, china and south africa (brics) countries. it discusses the opportunities and challenges of the existing biotech infrastructure and the production of drugs and vaccines in member states of the brics. this research is based on a systematic literature review between the years 2000 and 2014 of documents...

This paper discusses agri-food economies and how they evolve over time. It also analyses how these economies, which often have contradictory dynamics, are theorized. A central thesis of the paper is that different theoretical representations not only reflect the differences in agro-economies and their developmental tendencies, but are also important drivers that actively shape the trajectories ...

Over the past 20 years, headlines have documented an increasing number of emerging diseases; most have an animal source (zoonoses). Recent examples include West Nile virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), avian influenza, and monkeypox. While some emerging diseases occur among both humans and animals, others affect only animals or only humans. Nevertheless, all these new or reemerging...

Advances in leasing industry as a means of finance mainly started in 1900 though leasing dates back to centuries ago. Despite its differences in different countries as a result of differences in laws and regulations, finance function has been a common distinctive function of leasing all over the world. Leasing has its modern and unique features and advantages to establish itself as one of t...

This paper examines the transition of economies of Albania and the Czech Republic, noting that their relative failure and success could have been predicted by academic literature. Financial intermediation theory predicted the rise of independently created mutual funds in the Czech Republic, while similar intermediation literature related to monitoring (or the lack thereof) predicted the develop...

abstract financial crises and currency instabilities within developing and emerging economies during the last decade had a tremendous impact on the economic performance and increased vulnerability of economies against domestic and foreign shocks. the timing of capital liberalization is one of the significant debates among other issues related to currency instability, and it would be more conven...

This paper is concerned with the saddle-path stability of monetary growth rules in a two-country two-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. Alongside standard features of emerging economies, such as a combination of producer and local currency pricing for exports, fiscal dominance and oil exports, this model also incorporates informal labour and production sectors and examines how...

This study discusses the potential of electronic commerce (EC) and its impact among the newly emerging economies and the changing landscape of businesses. In assessing the global impact of EC, the study examines the different areas of EC in which Information Technology (IT) can play a vital role with a focus on access and use of infrastructure, global competitiveness and trade, the changing lan...

New technologies are emerging that may offer potential remedies to persistent global problems of lack of access to safe drinking water, insufficient or non-existent healthcare, and inadequate energy sources. The challenge in applying nanotechnology, biotechnology, and other emerging technologies to human needs is moving beyond the traditional technology-transfer model, where expertise and resou...