A narrative is a brief summary of specific events experienced by patients, during the course of a clinical trial. Narrative writing involves multiple activities such as generation of patient profiles, review of data sources, and identification of events for which narratives are required. A sponsor outsources narrative writing activities to leverage the expertise of service providers which in tu...

Figure 1 Figure 2 Dahlia (Asteraceae) has been cultivated since 1841 in Japan. Two viroids belonging to the family Pospiviroidae, Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) and Dahlia latent viroid (DLVd), were identified separately from dahlia plants in Japan and in the Netherlands, respectively (Tsushima et al., 2011; Verhoeven et al., 2013). Because DLVd was characterised as a novel species, the fi...

Tomatoes showing yellow leaf curl symptoms in the island of Grenada exhibit an infection with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus either alone or in combination with Potato yellow mosaic virus J.-M. Lett 1 *, F. Péréfarres 1,2 , M. Hoareau 1 , P. Lefeuvre 1 , A. De Bruyn 1,2 , M. Dottin 3 , P. Prior 1 , E. Wicker 1,4 and P. Umaharan 5 1 CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pi...

Figure 4 In a study of diseases caused by Xanthomonas campestris on UK nurserygrown wallflowers (Erysimum cheiri), one isolate (P764) obtained in 1990 from Sussex differed from the others. The affected plants (cv. Bedder Mixed), showed distorted growth with chlorotic and necrotic spots, but no sectored V-shaped wilting, the most common symptom associated with xanthomonads in wallflowers. Other ...

Figure 3 In October 2013, in a plantain farm in El Carmen canton in Manabí, Ecuador, the occurrence of wilted plants of cv. Barraganete with necrosis in vascular tissue of rhizomes and pseudostem was observed. Fruits were observed to ripen prematurely and exhibited an internal dry rot. Reddish necrotic spots were also noted in the rachis of the diseased bunches (Fig. 1). Symptoms resembled thos...

1 Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology-Phytopathology, Croix du Sud 2 Bte L07.05.03, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; 2 Laboratorio de Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador; 3 La Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Agronomía, Unidad Técnica Fitosanitaria, Maracaibo 4005, Venezuela; 4 Departamento de Biología Celular...

Leaf samples from 13 diseased and four healthy hibiscus plants were collected. Total DNA was isolated and subjected to PCR using degenerate begomovirus primers (CP-F: 5′-GCATCTGCAGGCCCACATYGTCTTYCCNGT-3′ and CP-R: 5′-AATACTGCAGGGCTTYCTRTACATRGG-3′). All samples of symptomatic leaves yielded a ~1.2 kb PCR product indicative of a begomovirus. Full-length genomes were amplified by the rolling circ...