Botulinum neurotoxins and tetanus are the strongest known toxins that cause neuroparalytic syndromes in botulism tetanus. This review aimed to systematize scientific data on structures mechanism of actions botulinum neurotoxins. proteins containing functional domains responsible for receptor binding, transmembrane translocation, proteolytic cleavage required exocytosis synaptic vesicles release...

Crotalus durissus terrificus snakes possess a protein in their blood, named crotoxin inhibitor from Crotalus serum (CICS), which protects them against crotoxin, the main toxin of their venom. CICS neutralizes the lethal potency of crotoxin and inhibits its phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. The aim of the present study is to investigate the specificity of CICS towards snake venom neurotoxic PLA2...

Three neurodegenerative disorders- Alzheimer’s dementia (ALZ), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)- share a common feature in their pathogenesis: evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction reactive oxygen stress. Their pathologic classifications are based on the findings at autopsy patterns protein aggregates neurons glial cells. This pathology supports concept that neur...

Both sea snakes and cobras have venoms containing postsynaptic neurotoxins. Comparison of the primary structures indicates many similarities, especially the positions of the four disulfide bonds. However, detailed examination reveals differences in several amino acid residues. Amino acid sequences of sea snake neurotoxins were determined, and then compared to cobra neurotoxins by computer model...

the unilateral or bilateral lesion of the substantia nigra pars compacta (snc) by chemical neurotoxins such as 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-ohda) or 1- methyl-4- phenyl -1,2,3,6 – tetirahydro pyridine (mptp) are the most commonly and the main used methods for generating the animal models of parkinson’s disease (pd). but these agents are expensive, dangerous, difficult to use and inaccessible convenien...

Nerve terminals are specific sites of action of a very large number of toxins produced by many different organisms. The mechanism of action of three groups of presynaptic neurotoxins that interfere directly with the process of neurotransmitter release is reviewed, whereas presynaptic neurotoxins acting on ion channels are not dealt with here. These neurotoxins can be grouped in three large fami...