for about a decade the virtual water trade has been highlighted as a means of promoting water efficiency and helping to solve regional restrictions of water resources in order to provide water and food security. although these tools are not just for certain areas of the world with a specific climate, they are more important for countries which are faced with water resources restriction and cris...

khorasan razavi province with the total precipitations of less than 225 mm/year and total area of irrigated area of 1087466 hectare is considered as one of the most important agricultural region in iran. this province has also important role in local and national economy. lack of perennial river and little amount of surface water has caused 1.06 billion cubic meter of over withdrawn from ground...

China has dramatically increased its virtual water import over recent years. Many studies have focused on the quantity of traded virtual water, but very few go into analysing geographic distribution and the properties of China’s virtual water trade network. This paper provides a calculation and analysis of the crop-related virtual water trade network of China based on 27 major primary crops bet...

on one hand, iran due to the low annual rainfall and lack of appropriate spatial and temporal distribution in precipitation is considered as an arid and semi-arid country experiencing stress and water scarcity; on the other hand, 90% of annual water consumption has been allocated to agriculture sector in iran and efficiency and productivity of water consumption do not enjoy favorable status in ...

Assessment and policy design for sustainability in primary resources like arable land and water need to adopt long-term perspective; even small but persistent effects like net export of water may influence sustainability through irreversible losses. With growing consumption, this virtual water trade has become an important element in the water sustainability of a nation. We estimate and contras...

The global trade of goods is associated with a virtual transfer of the water required for their production. The way changes in trade affect the virtual redistribution of freshwater resources has been recently documented through the analysis of the virtual water network. It is, however, unclear how these changes are contributed by different types of products and regions of the world. Here we sho...

demand and supply of water in iran is unbalanced. this situation has caused a great challenge in water resources management. in order to overcome this problem, the role of international trade of virtual water has been ignored. virtual water trade is one of the key solutions for water scarcity. each country should adapt virtual water trade based upon its socio-cultural, economical, and climatic ...

The imbalance between water supply and demand in the country has challenged water resource management, especially in the agricultural sector. The virtual water study approach, as an approach that values the use of water inputs in the production and consumption of various commodities, has been established and discussed for almost two decades. Based on this concept, the issue of virtual water tra...