food security has a dynamic notion during the time and may be affected by various domestic and global factors.nevertheless, iranian policy makers consider food security as same as self-sufficiency in agricultural food products, particularly wheat production. however, self-sufficiency can contribute to food security only if it is in coincidences with comparative advantage and sustainable resourc...

Background Fiscal policy targeting tobacco control is identified as the most effective strategy for rapid control of tobacco use. An optimum fiscal policy to estimate the percentage taxation that will maximise the government tax revenue, social savings and the net monetary benefit has not been empirically designed before in Sri Lank...

this paper presents a theoretical model in order to determine tile expected rate of durable good`s supply over time. the social plaliner maximizes tile sum of the discount ed net benefit. subject to the stochastic fluctuation in the stock of durable goods. it turns out that a social planner increases the expected rate of supply since uncertainty increases the user's loss from the view poin...

The cost-benefit analysis of a project or program uses the net social benefits (NSB) criterion for evaluation purposes, where NSB equals social benefits (B) less social costs (C). Efficient social choices involve the selection of those projects for which net social benefits are highest. The maximisation of net social benefits is the public sector equivalent to the maximisation of profits in the...

As the baby boom generation begins to retire and fiscal pressures from entitlement programs become more acute, evidence of improving health and increasing life expectancy in these cohorts has led many to suggest taking advantage of improved work capacity among older adults by increasing age requirements for the Social Security and Medicare programs. Currently, however, more than half of workers...

In this paper, we address the often contentious debate over state and local recycling policy by carefully estimating the social net benefit of curbside recycling. Benefits are estimated using household survey data from over 4,000 households across 40 western U.S. cities. We calibrate household willingness-to-pay for hypothetical bias using an innovative experimental design that contrasts stated...

Evaluating the costs and benefits of our own choices is central to most forms of decision-making and its mechanisms in the brain are becoming increasingly well understood. To interact successfully in social environments, it is also essential to monitor the rewards that others receive. Previous studies in nonhuman primates have found neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) that signal the...