evidence acquisition this systematic review proposes a new triage system for patients exposed to nerve agents. information regarding clinical signs and symptoms of intoxication with nerve agents, primary treatments, and classification of patients were extracted from the literature. all related articles were reviewed. subsequently, specialists from different disciplines were invited to discuss a...

organophosphorus compounds are highly toxic chemicals that have application in production of warfare agents and agricultural pesticides. detoxification of areas that have been exposed to these types of materials is of vital importance and several approaches have been used for this purpose. biodegradation of organophosphates is one of these approaches that is in the center of attention due to it...

objective(s) psychotropic medications produce their effects, in part, through increasing neurotrophin levels in the brain. since studies concerning nerve growth factor (ngf) analysis have been limited in scope, in the current experiments we investigated the effects of diverse psychotropic agents on ngf protein levels in various brain regions of rat. materials and methods male wistar rats receiv...

On September 22, 1980 Iraqis attacked Iran's air bases and simultaneously entered Iran with six army divisions on three fronts and occupied a vast part of Iranian territories. At that time, Iraqis did not have chemical warfare. But in time, they began to develop an intensive research program to produce and store chemical weapons and used the war fields to test and perfect their chemical warfare...

On September 22, 1980 Iraqis attacked Iran's air bases and simultaneously entered Iran with six army divisions on three fronts and occupied a vast part of Iranian territories. At that time, Iraqis did not have chemical warfare. But in time, they began to develop an intensive research program to produce and store chemical weapons and used the war fields to test and perfect their chemical warfare...

The military nerve agents are a family of highly toxic phosphoric acid esters, structurally related to the larger family of organophosphate compounds. In fact, development of nerve agents was a by-product of insecticide research and development (OSRD, 1946; Hayes, 1982). Germany developed nerve agents just before and during World War II; subsequently, several countries, including the United Sta...

organophosphorous (op) chemical warfare nerve agents mainly sarin and tabun were used during the iran-iraq war with high mortalities. in addition to atropine and oximes, the followings have recently been used successfully for the treatment of op poisoning. 1. sodium bicarbonate: infusion of high doses of sodium bicarbonate (5 meq/kg in 60 min. followed by 5-6 meq/kg/day to obtain arterial blood...