agent-based negotiation is one of the interesting approaches in the field of automated negotiation in the e-commerce world. establishment an automated negotiation needs to develop a mechanism for it and it is obvious that users would accept a mechanism that is reliable alternative for negotiating individual. therefore, the need to developing efficient and reliable agent-based negotiation mechan...

Negotiation, as an interactional strategy and proactive focus on form (FoF) have received increased attention in second language research. The combination of negotiation and proactive FoF, however, has not been examined in relation to L2 vocabulary learning. To address this gap, the present study investigated how the amount of negotiation and proactive FoF impacted learners’ vocabulary knowledg...

negotiation, as an interactional strategy and proactive focus on form (fof) have received increased attention in second language research. the combination of negotiation and proactive fof, however, has not been examined in relation to l2 vocabulary learning. to address this gap, the present study investigated how the amount of negotiation and proactive fof impacted learners’ vocabulary knowledg...

Educators often employ various training techniques to reduce raters’ subjectivity. Negotiation is a technique which can assist novice raters to co-construct a shared understanding of the writing assessment when rating collaboratively. There is little research, however, on rating behaviors of novice raters while employing negotiation techniques and the effect of negotiation on their understandin...

for a long time, culture has been an influencing parameter in negotiations. growth of international trades and business competitions has increased the importance of negotiations among countries and different cultures. developing new technologies, particularly the use of artificial intelligence in electronic trading areas, has provided us with the application of intelligent agents to resolve cha...

negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching a joint agreement about differing needs or ideas. for successful negotiations, both parties should come to the negotiating table with having done some serious thinking about the barriers to and complexities of cross- cultural communications. there are four phases in negotiations: relationship building, inform...

A significant share of classroom interaction occurs between teachers and language learners. Therefore, the individual characteristics of teachers could play facilitative or impeding roles thus encouraging or discouraging learners from getting engaged in interaction and meaning negotiation attempts when interacting with their teachers. Surprisingly however, this area has attracted scant attentio...