A mathematical model of the total human musculo-skeletal system is presented. The model comprises a link-mechanical and a musculo-mechanical set of ordinary first-order differential equations which deacrihe the dynamics of the segment model and muscle model respectively. The interdependence of the two sets of equations is demonstrated. The set of musculo-mechanical quations contains the two neu...

Musculo-skeletal loading plays an important role in the primary stability of joint replacements and in the biological processes involved in fracture healing. However, current knowledge of musculo-skeletal loading is still limited. In the past, a number of musculo-skeletal models have been developed to estimate loading conditions at the hip. So far, a cycle-to-cycle validation of predicted muscu...

Animats are artificial creature studied in Alife. Musculo-skeltal structure is a skeleton control model usually used for humanoids. We apply the musculo-skeltal structure to simple swimming animats. The purpose of this study is to acquire proper locomotion of animats in a virtual water environment. The locomotion control is acquired by use of neuro-evolution. The evolved locomotion, swimming, i...

AIM The aim of this study is to determine if the fatigue of cervical muscles has a significant influence on the head-neck segment musculo-tendinous stiffness. METHODS Ten men (aged 21.2 ± 1.9 years) performed four quick-release trials of flexion at 30 and 50% MVC before and after the induction of muscular fatigue on cervical flexors. Electromyographic activity was recorded on the sternocleido...

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An important next step is to increase the capabilities of musculo-skeletal simulations to accurately predict robust stability of whole-body dynamic locomotion. Accomplishing this step is expected to positively enable biomechanical simulation, prosthetics, rehabilitation, and robotics research. Greater stability and robustness of musculo-skeletal simulations enables vertical advancement of the f...