mechanoreceptors of foot sole likely contribute in the reflex regulations. stimulation of these receptors in the lateral aspect of the foot is corresponded to the lateral plantar division of the tibial nerve. therefore, it was hypothesized that repetitive low threshold afferents stimulation would have an inhibitory effect on the soleus h-reflexes. methods: sixteen normal subjects voluntarily pa...

Cranial nerve VII (facial) motorneurons begin extending axons through rhombomeres 4 and 5 (R4 and R5) in the chick hindbrain on the second day of incubation. Without crossing the midline, facial motorneuron axons extend laterally from a ventromedial cell body location. All facial motorneuron axons leave the hindbrain through a discrete exit site in R4. To examine the importance of the exit site...

In this and the subsequent companion paper, results are presented that collectively seek to delineate the contribution that supraspinal circuits have in determining the time to task failure (TTF) of sustained submaximal contractions. The purpose of this study was to compare adjustments in supraspinal and spinal excitability taken concurrently throughout the performance of two different fatigue ...

Motorneurons and macrophages have been isolated and identified in primary cultures from adult frog (Rana pipiens) spinal cord. Time-lapse video microscopy revealed that during the first two weeks migrating macrophages contact the growth cones of motorneurons. As they continue to migrate, the motorneuron processes elongate in close association with the moving macrophages. Elongating motorneuron ...

INTRODUCTION Withdrawal reflexes in the leg adapt in a context-appropriate manner to remove the limb from noxious stimuli, but the extent to which withdrawal reflexes adapt in the arm remains unknown. METHODS We examined the adaptability of withdrawal reflexes in response to nociceptive stimuli applied in different arm postures and to different digits. Reflexes were elicited at rest, and kine...

Force control deficits have been repeatedly documented in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). They are associated with worse social and daily living skill impairments in patients suggesting that developing a more mechanistic understanding of the central and peripheral processes that cause them may help guide the development of treatments that improve multiple outcomes in ASD. The neuromuscular mech...

Many neurons contain multiple peptide cotransmitters in addition to their classical transmitters. We are using the accessory radula closer neuromuscular system of Aplysia, which participates in feeding in these animals, to define the possible consequences of multiple modulators converging on single targets. How these modulators are released onto their targets is of critical importance in unders...

We have used a retrograde labeling technique to identify motorneurons for each of the 30 body wall muscles of an abdominal hemisegment in the late stage 16 Drosophila embryo. Each motorneuron has a characteristic cell body position, dendritic arborization, and axonal projection. In addition, we have determined the neuroblasts of origin for most of the motorneurons we describe. Some organization...