Embryos in Wax: Models from the Ziegler Studio [6], is a history of embryo wax modeling written by science historian Nick Hopwood [5]. Published by the Whipple Museum of the History of Science University of Cambridge and the Institute of the History of Medicine University of Bern [7], 2002, the book, like the wax models, helps exemplify the visual and material culture of science. The first half...

Group A streptococcus is a strict human pathogen that can cause a wide range of diseases, such as tonsillitis, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis, toxic shock, and acute rheumatic fever. Modeling human diseases in animals is complicated, and rapid, simple, and cost-effective in vivo models of GAS infection are clearly lacking. Recently, the use of non-mammalian models to model human disease is sta...

This early wax modeling was known as ‘Anatomica Plastica’, where minute details of the human anatomy were depicted by wax models. The next logical step was illustration of diseases by use of wax models (Patho-anatomica plastica) and wax models (moulages) were used in various medical specialities like surgery, obstetrics, ophthalmology etc but it was in dermatology that these reached heights of ...

Heavy organics deposition is a common problem in oil industry, especially in oil production, transportation and processing. Wax or solid paraffin series are examples of heavy organics that deposit. Precipitation and crystallization of wax causes major difficulties in different processes. Based on multi-solid theory, a basic model is modified in this paper for wax precipitation in different oils...

Anatomical models have always been a mainstay of descriptive embryology [5]. As the training of embryologists grew in the late 1800s, so too did the need for large-scale teaching models. Embryo wax models, such as those made by Adolf Ziegler [6] and Gustav Born [7], were popular in the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century as a way to visualize, in three dimensio...

Rapid prototyping (RP) process is inherently performed by layered manufacturing. The surface finish of the RP part is inevitably excessively rough. In this study, aluminum filled epoxy resin is used as a filler to improve surface quality of wax injection tool fabricated by fused deposition modeling. The average surface roughness of wax patterns can be drastically reduced from 1710 μm to 276 μm....