the purpose of this study was to show types and extent of offensive behaviors at soccer stadiums and to test the relationship between personal factors, spectators, verbal behavior of stadium executives and staff, sport media biases, modeling from famous team spectators, refereeing the matches, and win-oriented spectators with offensive behavior of the spectators. a total of 727 researcher-made ...

One of the most interesting aspects of sports fans is their degree of involvement and affiliation with their favorite sports team. Indeed, perusal of the popular press suggests that sports fans reveal their connection to a favorite team in interesting ways, including wearing team apparel, displaying bumper stickers on their cars, and engaging in celebratory behaviors that range from fairly pass...

The current research examined the effects of soccer match results on spectators' subjective well-being. Across the group stage of the soccer World Cup 2014, German-speaking participants indicated their well-being three times per day through a smartphone-based science app. In line with proposed hypotheses, comparisons of data taken after the three matches of the German national team showed robus...

Background. Attention to the loyalty of fans to the long-term success of sports organizations has become increasingly important. On this note, it seems necessary to pay attention to the variables that predict and influence the loyalty of spectators. Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of satisfaction in the effect of team reputation and team quality on the loy...

the purpose of this study was to examine various factors influencing spectators' attendance in professional soccer games in tehran. this research was a descriptive survey. the questionnaire used in this study was developed by green (1995), hansen and gauthier (1989), kaskey (1999), schofield (1983) and zhang et al. (1995) in order to examine factors affecting spectators' attendance in...

This study aimed to test the conceptual model on the causal relationship of motivation and consumption intention. To this end, 390 spectators who were present at the stadium, were randomly selected using stratified random sampling. They voluntarily completed Funk’s Motivation Scale and spectators’ consumption intention questionnaire. Structural Equation findings indicted a significantly positiv...

The current case study examines the gender differences on the effect of perceived CSR engagement on attitude and re-attendance intention toward a professional sport team. Spectators at a professional soccer game (N = 380) in Korea participated in the study and a multiple group analysis was conducted between male and female participants. Findings show that perceived CSR engagement had a signific...

Football is one of the most rooted sports worldwide attracting millions of spectators, but clubs face an increasing competition of other leisure activities. Understanding how to increase spectators' behavioral intentions towards their favorite football teams is paramount for sport managers, given that a behavioral intention represents a measure of how much a person is willing to engage in a spe...