the imams of ahl al-bayt (‘a) have applied three methods in dealing with rulers as follows: taqiyyah (assimilation), armed struggle, and occultation. they have applied taqiyyah for keeping the unity among muslims and their followers. this does not mean that they have kept silent and did not care about muslims, rather they had active role in social life. an example of this active role is the ima...

STRUCTURE OF A SIKULATION

Background: The effects of war as well as military conflict include long-term physical and psychological harm to children and adults. Social relations and trust play a role in peace building and conflict resolution. Social capital is believed to facilitate institutional and interpersonal trust as well as safety and security, and thus may become an important resource in times of military conflic...

The strategy and operations of any war can be understood only in the light of conditions of the ten or twenty years before its beginning. Technology, organization, doctrine, training, command and staff appointments—all the essentials of action in war—are put in place and developed in peacetime. The testing experience of combat will bring about change, but prewar elements continue to affect many...

The Global War on Terrorism brings significant ethical challenges for military physicians. From Abu Ghraib to Guantanamo Bay, the actions of health care providers have come under considerable scrutiny. Military providers have dual roles as military officers and medical professionals, which have the potential to come into conflict. Often they are inadequately prepared to manage this conflict. We...

PURPOSES This study involved analysis of (a) type of injuries and medical services used by military casualties in 3 conflicts and (b) medical needs of military and civilian casualties from the 2006 conflict. BASIC PROCEDURES Military casualties from 3 conflicts and military and civilian casualties from the 2006 conflict were analyzed. Casualties were compared in relation to type of injury, le...

Un-American: A Soldier’s Reckoning of Our Longest WarErik Edstrom. New York: Bloomsbury, 2020. £18.99/$28.00. 304 pp.Why We FightMike Martin. London: C. Hurst & Co., 2018. £20.00. 311 pp.Military Waste: The Unexpected Consequences Permanent War ReadinessJoshua O. Reno. Oakland, CA: University California Press, £19.00/$34.95. 288 pp.

Does military rule make a state more belligerent internationally? Several studies have recently established that military autocracies are more likely than civilian autocracies to deploy and use military force in pursuit of foreign policy objectives. I argue that military regimes are more likely to resort to military force because they are located in more hostile security environments, and not b...