background: medical x-rays are the largest man-made source of public exposure to ionizing radiation. it is important to avoid conditions where the amount of radiation used is more than that needed for the procedure. materials and methods: the entrance skin exposure (ese) measurement was conducted for quality control of x-ray machines and survey of operator’s experimental techniques. the eses we...

in this paper a novel fuzzy scheme for medical x-ray image classification is presented. in this method, any image is partitioned in to 25 overlapping subimages and then shape-texture features are extracted from shape and directional information extracted from any subimage. in the classification stage, we apply a fuzzy membership to any subimage with respect to euclidean distance between feature...

background: radiation dose knowledge through xray examinations and their distribution in iran provides useful guidance on patient dose reduction. the results of the entrance skin dose (esds) of five common radiographies in all radiology centers in yazd province were reported in our previous study (2003). in the present study we have evaluated the collective effective dose of conventional x-ray ...

the years 1895 to 1898 were momentous for their impact on health and human well beings. first, wilhelm roentgen noted a glowing fluorescent screen, caused by invisible rays. this event subsequently led to the discovery of x-rays in 1895, and thus the birth of the “atomic age”. next becquerel’s investigations of these mysterious rays led to his experiments with uranium salt crystals. he thought ...

Background: People occasionally undergo medical diagnostic X-ray examinations and expose their red blood cells to radiation. Radiation that is generated from medical diagnostic X-ray machines is widely used in medical diagnoses. One of the important parameters is kilo-voltage (kV) that is applied across the X-ray tube in medical diagnostic X-ray machines. Kilo-voltage influences the radiation d...

Introduction: Teaching styles and methods have been constantly changing in the recent years. In the 1980s and 90s, the world was introduced to various developed devices, such as smart boards and early generation smart phones that had an immediate innovative effect on education. These advancements has resulted in a considerable improvement in the current educational techniques. The innovations i...