background esophageal cancer is highly prevalent among the turkman people in northeastern iran. in order to evaluate its etiology, there is an on-going prospective cohort study in this area involving approximately 50000 subjects over the age of 40 years. the majority of these subjects are illiterate, thus obtaining inâ­formed consent is very important and difficult. methods initially, we explai...

medicine more meritorious, but may account for some otherwise surprising lapses. For example he sees Erasistratos as a stepping stone in a harmonious tradition from Hippocrates to Galen, not as the founder of a theory that Galen constantly attacked. This is a view that could hardly be taken by anyone who had read much Galen for himself. Another stumbling point is the theory of vision. He has st...

This paper argues that ethics education needs to become more reflective about its social and political ethic as it participates in the construction and transmission of medical ethics. It argues for a critical approach to medical ethics and explores the political context in medical schools and some of the peculiar problems in medical ethics education.

Although biomedicine is responsible for the "miracles" of modern medicine, paradoxically it has also led to a quality-of-care crisis in which many patients feel disenfranchised from the health-care industry. To address this crisis, several medical commentators make an appeal for humanizing biomedicine, which has led to shifts in the philosophical boundaries of medical knowledge and practice. In...

The purpose of this paper is to provide a review and an interpretive framework for examining the ethic of care as it offers possibilities and constraints for women's leisure. The explanatory implications of the ethic of care are useful in further understanding antecedent and intervening constraints to leisure as well as understanding the empowering possibilities of leisure. The paper addresses ...

This is part 1 of a 2-part paper on ethics and physician-industry relationships. Part 1 offers advice to individual physicians; part 2 gives recommendations to medical education providers and medical professional societies. Physicians and industry have a shared interest in advancing medical knowledge. Nonetheless, the primary ethic of the physician is to promote the patient's best interests, wh...

Medical representatives bear the blunt of the significant pressure from the peers and managers to accomplish their market targets which call for an aggressive promotion. This inevitably leads to unethical practices by medical representatives in the sales field. Study of ethic codes influence on ethical behavior of medical representatives in the profession is an under-portrayed component which d...