conclusion the determination of the presence of mb2 in the maxillary first molars may be carried out using cbct scans. if the ∠mdp was 91 degrees or greater, there was considered to be a higher probability that mb2 canals would be found in the endodontic cavity. due to the positive correlation between the ∠mdp and the ∠mdmb2, the localization of mb2 canals may be easily performed in relation to...

In this report we describe a new POMDP algorithm, denoted TEQ-MDP, which computes the optimal policy of a modified MDP and uses the obtained optimal solution to compute the action for the POMDP, as a function of the belief-state. The modified MDP includes state entropy information (transition entropy) in its reward structure so as to value actions that gather information. This algorithm is suit...

Bacterial peptidoglycan-derived muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and derivatives have long-recognized antiviral properties but their mechanism of action remains unclear. In recent years, the pattern-recognition receptor NOD2 has been shown to mediate innate responses to MDP. Here, we show that MDP treatment of mice infected with Influenza A virus (IAV) significantly reduces mortality, viral load and pul...

Gram-negative vaccines can elicit the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in mice primed by muramyl dipeptide (MDP) or by its lipophilic derivative MDP-dipalmitoyl glycerol (MDP-GDP). In mice pretreated with MDP and particularly with MDP-GDP, Bordetella pertussis vaccine was shown to be more effective than typhoid vaccine. The time course of TNF production in the blood did not indicate an...

The ability of liposomes containing a synthetic lipophilic muramyl dipeptide derivative, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamyl-sn-glycerol dipalmitate (MDP-GDP), to inhibit the growth of experimental B16-F1 melanoma liver metastases in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice has been determined. Multiple i.v. injections of distearoylphosphatidylcholine:dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol liposomes (1 mumol, 10:1 m...

Peptidoglycan-derived muramyl dipeptide (MDP) activates innate immunity via the host sensor NOD2. Although MDP is N-acetylated in most bacteria, mycobacteria and related Actinomycetes convert their MDP to an N-glycolylated form through the action of N-acetyl muramic acid hydroxylase (NamH). We used a combination of bacterial genetics and synthetic chemistry to investigate whether N-glycolylatio...

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the microbial activator of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (Nod2), induces NF-kappaB and MAPK activation, leading to the production of multiple anti-bacterial and proinflammatory molecules. In addition, MDP has been implicated in IL-1beta secretion through the regulation of caspase-1. However, the mechanisms that mediate caspase-1 activation and IL-1beta sec...