there is a variety of schools in hinduism ,vedanta is the most important one , shankara is the most leading of its commentator , his perspective is known as advaita – vedanta ( non – dualism) . this paper attempts to analyse shankara’s doctrine of non-dualism . through – explanation of the key – concepts : brahma , atma , ishvara , maya and budhi , besides comparation had been made between the ...

Prior to the 1950s the prevalent view of the ancient Maya was as a peaceful people. ln 1952, Robert Rands completed his Ph. D. thesis on the evidences of warfare in Classic Maya art, following up on the important work just completed by Tatia-na Proskouriakoff (1950). Since then, research has rapidly accumulated substantial documentation that the Maya were in fact warlike (cf. Marcus 1974; Repet...

—The ancient Maya have been accused of destroying their forests yet the Maya forest today is replete with economic value, and contemporary traditional Maya forest gardeners manage and maintain the dominant plants of the forest for their economic values. Paleoenvironmental reconstructions of the Maya area have relied on the distribution of primarily wind borne pollen in ancient soil deposits, bu...

Technological advances in digitization, automatic image analysis and information management are enabling the possibility to analyze, organize and visualize large cultural datasets. As one of the key visual cues, shape feature has been used in various image analysis tasks such as handwritten character recognition [1, 5], sketch analysis [4], etc. We assess a shape descriptor, within the applicat...

Considerations of ancient Maya cycles of time often focus on dated events obtained from texts on carved stone monuments or on Maya prophecies recorded in ethnohistoric documents. However, temporal cycles are also in evidence in the archaeological records of Maya households. Archaeologically recognizable cycles can be seen in the contextual data of Caracol’s residential groups, specifically in t...

In 1992, the governments of Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, and Mexico signed an agreement to unite sponsorship of a large-scale tourist promotion in the Maya areas of their respective countries. These governments felt that tourist dollars were slipping away due to disjointed information about the Maya and noncoordinated infrastructure throughout the indigenous zones. For example, arc...

12 volume 54, number 1 expedition he ancient maya created one of the world’s most brilliant and successful civilizations. But 500 years ago, after the Spaniards “discovered” the Maya, many could not believe that Native Americans had developed cities, writing, art, and other hallmarks of civilization. Consequently, 16th century Europeans readily accepted the myth that the Maya and other indigeno...

The relationship of human societies to territory and natural resources is being drastically altered by a series of global agreements concerning trade, intellectual property, and the conservation and use of genetic resources. Through a characteristic style of collective appropriation of their tropical ecosystems, Maya societies have created local institutions for governing access to their common...

Ancient Maya settlement patterns exhibit fractal geometry both within communities and across regions. Fractals are self-similar sets of fractional dimension. In this paper, we show how Maya settlement patterns are logically and statistically self-similar. We demonstrate how to measure the fractal dimensions (or Hausdorff–Besicovitch dimensions) of several data sets. We describe nonlinear dynami...

Maya is a version of Java that allows users to write their own syntax extensions, which are called Mayans. Mayans can reinterpret or extend Maya syntax by expanding it to other Maya syntax: they operate on abstract syntax trees, and their expansion is triggered during parsing as semantic actions. Maya’s expressiveness comes from treating grammar productions as generic functions, and Mayans as m...