this paper develops a closed-loop supply chain including one manufacturer, one retailer and a third party, in which the manufacturer produces a product under appropriate quality and sells it through a retailer in the market. the retailer pays the expense of marketing effort and a third party collects the used products from consumers and sends to the manufacturer. the manufacturer remanufactures...

background health literacy presents an enormous challenge in the delivery of effective healthcare and quality outcomes. we evaluated the impact of low health literacy (lhl) on healthcare utilization and healthcare expenditure.   methods database analysis used medical expenditure panel survey (meps) from 2005-2008 which provides nationally representative estimates of healthcare utilization and e...

this paper examines the impact of government expenditure on the nigerian economy for the period 1983 - 2012. the government expenditure components used as the explanatory variables in the model are: expenditures on health, education, defense, agriculture and transportation and communication. the gross domestic product (gdp) was used as a parameter for measuring economic growth. in order to esta...

background and purpose: utilization of health care services and food influence the health status. the food and health care expenditure ratios determine the importance level of them in household's consumption expenditures. we aimed to investigate the iranian rural and urban food and health expenditure ratios inequality during 1998 to 2012. materials and methods: this is a descriptive longit...

abstracta number of economists argue that the capital expenditure has a positive impact and the current expenditure has negative impact on output while others believe that the government expenditure, regardless of being current or capital spending, has a negative impact on the economy. in this direction, this paper tries to investigate the impact of current and capital government expenditure on...

This study attempts to investigate the effect of oil returns and external debt on the government expenditure in Syria over the period 1970-2010. The Johansen cointegration test showed that oil returns and external debt have a positive and significant long run relationship with government expenditure. The Granger causality test indicates unidirectional short-run causality relationships running f...