background: the persian gulf is a suitable habitat for various types of marine species. this study was conducted with the aim of determining the epidemiology and clinical findings of injuries inflicted by marine creatures in the persian gulf, south iran. methods: in this retrospective cross-sectional study, medical records of patients with diagnosis of marine animal exposures treated at 6 refer...

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), constructed with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), linkers, and natural cytotoxins, are innovative drugs developed for oncotherapy. Owing to the distinctive advantages of both chemotherapy drugs and antibody drugs, ADCs have obtained enormous success during the past several years. The development of highly specific antibodies, novel marine toxins' applications, and ...

The frequency and scale of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) and marine algal toxin incidents have been increasing and spreading in the past two decades, causing damages to the marine environment and threatening human life through contaminated seafood. To better understand the effect of HAB and marine algal toxins on marine environment and human health in China, this paper overviews HAB occurrence and ...

Marine microorganisms harbor a multitude of secondary metabolites. Among these are toxins of different chemical classes as well as the UV-protective mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). The latter form a group of water-soluble, low molecular-weight (generally < 400) compounds composed of either an aminocyclohexenone or an aminocyclohexenimine ring, carrying amino acid or amino alcohol substitue...

Shellfish toxins are the most dangerous marine biotoxins, and produced by free living micro-algae. Shellfish toxins are concentrated in flesh, and poisoning occurs when these contaminated shellfish is consumed. They can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) and azaspiracid shellfis...

The special issue on Marine Toxins of the Open Access journal Marine Drugs (ISSN 1660-3397, http://www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs/) presents twenty four contributions which were received from distinguished investigators currently working in Canada, China, France, Germany, Iran, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, and the United States. The reviews and re...