debate is an independent technique  in literature that has been common among poets and writers in arabic literature for a long time. the literary genre which has been shaped based on  imitating  real debates is a hostile or friendly dialogue between parties of the debate who could be human, animal, plant, abstract concepts, natural and other elements. since this genre exists very strikingly and...

Articles by Gaston Wiet in the 1920s, M. Perlmann in 1942, and Donald Little in 1976 have encouraged the perception that the first century of the Mamluk period marked a turning-point in the history of Coptic conversion to Islam. According to Wiet in his article on the Copts in the Encyclopaedia of Islam: "The government of the Mamluks gave the coup de grâce to Christianity in Egypt," and he goe...

In the period following the death of the last Mongol Ilkhan ruler Abū Saʿīd in 736/1335, the region east of the Mamluk Sultanate, from the Euphrates to the Oxus, was thrown into political upheaval. The Ilkhanate had been ruled by a dynastic line descended from Hülegü Khan, which, although witness to occasional succession disputes, had continued to provide undisputed leadership in the region sin...

Narratives abound concerning the religious and political positioning of Jerusalem in the past as well as the present and have been used in a variety of ways to serve various ideologies or political ends. One such narrative (which can be found even in some academic treatises of the history of Jerusalem) states that following the Muslim re-conquest of the city after the Crusades Muslim rulers neg...

ion in Byzantium and Its Exhibition,” Convivium 2, no. 2 (2015): 112–33. For a particularly problematic example, in which the analogical or comparative method often blurs into genealogical claims, see L. U. Marks, Enfoldment and Infinity: An Islamic Genealogy of New Media Art (Cambridge, MA, 2010). 9. For a rare exception, see J. Jakeman, “Abstract Art and Communication in ‘Mamluk’ Architecture...