The magnetosphere is a large scale natural system powered by the solar wind that exhibits many nonequilibrium phenomena. A wide range of these phenomena are driven directly by the solar wind or arise from the storagerelease processes internal to the magnetosphere. Under the influnce by the turbulent solar wind, the magnetosphere during geomagnetically active periods is far from equilibrium and ...

We review the morphology and dynamics of the electrical current systems of the terrestrial magnetosphere and ionosphere. Observations from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE) over the three years 2010 to 2012 are employed to illustrate the variability of the field-aligned currents that couple the magnetosphere and ionosphere, on timescales from mi...

The Mariner 10 observations of Mercury s miniature magnetosphere collected during its close encounters in 1974 and 1975 are reviewed. Subsequent data analysis, re-interpretation and theoretical modeling, often influenced by new results obtained regarding the Earth s magnetosphere, have greatly expanded our impressions of the structure and dynamics of this small magnetosphere. Of special interes...

1. The Neutral Atmosphere 1.1. The Mesosphere 1.2. The Thermosphere 1.3. The Ionosphere 1.4. The Protonosphere 1.5. The Plasmasphere 1.6. The Magnetosphere 1.7. Geomagnetic Storms 1.8. The Auroras 2. Experimental Techniques 2.1. Measuring the Thermosphere, Mesosphere, and Ionosphere 2.2. Measuring the Magnetosphere and Plasmasphere 3. Theoretical Studies from the Stratopause to the Magnetospaus...

[1] It is widely accepted that the ionosphere is an important source of ions in the magnetosphere and until recently this population has largely been neglected from many global simulations. In this study, a causally regulated cusp O outflow is added to the multifluid version of the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry (LFM) global simulation. The cusp outflow algorithm uses empirical relationships to regulate t...

The study of properties of propagation of interplanetary shocks into the Earth’s magnetosphere is significant to improve our understanding of the Sun-Earth system. The interplanetary shocks interact with the bow shock and cause pressure pulses on the magnetopause and its movement, launching different waves into the magnetosphere. In our study we used a set of more than 40 fast forward shocks to...

The size of the terrestrial magnetosphere is determined by the balance between the solar wind dynamic pressure and the pressure exerted by the magnetosphere, principally that of its magnetic field. The shape of the magnetosphere is additionally influenced by the drag of the solar wind, or tangential stress, on the magnetosphere. This drag is predominantly caused by the mechanism known as reconn...

Saturn • Determine the global configuration and dynamics of hot plasma in the magnetosphere of Saturn through energetic neutral particle imaging of ring current, radiation belts, and neutral clouds. • Study the sources of plasmas and energetic ions through in situ measurements of energetic ion composition, spectra, charge state, and angular distributions. • Search for, monitor, and analyze magn...

[1] Cassini fields and particles observations show clear evidence of periodic phenomena in Saturn’s magnetosphere. Periodicities have been observed in kilometric radio emissions, total electron density (in the inner magnetosphere), magnetic fields, and energetic particles (in the outer magnetosphere). In this letter the first analysis of periodicities in thermal electron densities in Saturn’s o...