purpose: to compare the effect of different deviation measurement techniques and different lens powers on gradient accommodative convergence to accommodation (ac/a) ratio. methods: we randomly selected 78 eligible students of different majors from zahedan university of medical sciences. following retinoscopy for refractive errors, alternate prism cover test, von graefe and maddox rod without ad...

Lesions involving the vertical muscles or their nerve supply usually result in some degree of torsional deviation of the eye which may produce intractable and distressing asthenopia. Although cyclophoria has long been recognized and has been demonstrated with such apparatus as the Maddox rod, Maddox wing, Maddox double prism, and synoptophore, it is nevertheless frequently overlooked. Moreover ...

Numerous physiologic functions of the binocular neuromuscular mechanism have been measured for years with various kinds of testing equipment. Relatively few studies have been made to determine to what extent these various testing devices measure the same or different characteristics. This study was designed to investigate the relationships between lateral heterophoria, prism vergence, and the n...

PURPOSE To evaluate the correlation between hypertropia and excyclotorsion in acquired superior oblique palsy (SOP). METHODS Thirty-one patients with acquired unilateral SOP were recruited for this study. The torsional angle of each patient was assessed via one objective method (fundus photography) and two subjective methods (double Maddox rod test and major amblyoscope). The patient populati...

A 28-year-old woman with alopecia since childhood presented with 4 years of progressive intermittent diplopia and right eye getting “stuck” with upward gaze. Maddox rod test revealed a subtle intermittent right hypotropia and right enophthalmos (figure 1). Asymptomatic T2 hyperintensities were noted on MRI (figure 2). Scalp morphea was confirmed pathologically. Formal rheumatologic evaluation w...

A comparison was made between results obtained through the Titmus Vision Tester and those obtained through more common open field optometric procedures. Specific tests performed with the Titmus Vision Tester included near and distance visual acuities, distance lateral and vertical phorias, color discrimination, and stereo acuity. Results were also obtained using Snellen near and distance charts...