Introduction: Macrolides are a group of antibacterial agents. Given their clinical importance, and the consistent rise in resistance among pathogenic bacteria, macrolides have been the targets of extensive research. Materials and Methods: This review considered the number of macrolides in different wastewater and the removal of these drugs. The antibiotics were frequently detected in influents...

The aim of this research is to systematize scientific data on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics macrolides. Macrolides are a class broad-spectrum antibiotics used treat wide range both topical systemic infectious diseases. Despite fact that macrolide use generally considered be safe, in number patients it can associated with dose-dependent adverse drug reactions (ADRs), reducing safety ...

Macrolides are a well-known family of oral antibiotics whose antibacterial spectrum of activity covers most relevant bacterial species responsible for respiratory infectious disease. In recent years, it has been reported that macrolides have not only bactericidal activity but also direct immunomodulating activity in mammals. In this study, we observed new physiological activity of macrolides an...

Erythromycin was the first macolide discovered in 1952. In 1990s new macrolides including clarithromycin, azithromycin, and dirithromycin were introduced to the market. We provide a review of their structure, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and indications in dermatology.

BACKGROUND Macrolides have received considerable attention for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions beyond the antibacterial effect. These two properties may ensure some efficacy in a wide spectrum of respiratory viral infections. We aimed to summarize the properties of macrolides and their efficacy in a range of respiratory viral infection. METHODS A search of electronic jour...

Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) is a pulmonary disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the bronchioles and chronic infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lungs. DPB has several features in common with cystic fibrosis (CF). Clinical trials in patients with DPB or CF suggest a potential role for maintenance (long-term and low-dose) macrolide therapy in the treatment of these chronic pu...