background: effects of estrogen on bone metabolism and its protective role on prevention of osteoporosis are well   documented. however, the efficacy of estrogen treatment on bone healing is not well investigated. the drug can be delivered both systemically or locally to the bone with differences in concentrations and side effects. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of local an...

      Background: Effects of estrogen on bone metabolism and its protective role on prevention of osteoporosis are well   documented. However, the efficacy of estrogen treatment on bone healing is not well investigated. The drug can be delivered both systemically or locally to the bone with differences in concentrations and side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lo...

The major pathological feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), resulting in a reduction of dopamine (DA) content in the target field of these neurons, the striatum (STR). The present evidences suggest that female sex hormones may influence the onset and severity of PD symptoms. PD is more prevalent in m...

The major pathological feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), resulting in a reduction of dopamine (DA) content in the target field of these neurons, the striatum (STR). The present evidences suggest that female sex hormones may influence the onset and severity of PD symptoms. PD is more prevalent in m...

Although normal breast tissue and breast cancer estrogens are known to be elevated compared with plasma estrogen levels, the mechanism behind this phenomenon has been an issue of debate for 2 decades. If local estrogen aromatization were to be confirmed as the main estrogen source in breast cancer tissue, tissue-specific inhibition of estrogen production, avoiding systemic side effects, would b...

Misoprostol, which is a prostaglandin E1 analogue, is effectively used in cervical priming in women both for labor induction and for gynecological procedures. Although its efficacy is well documented in reproductive age women, during postmenopausal period this efficacy is limited probably due to estrogen deficit. Our objective is to evaluate if estrogen deficit in postmenopausal women is import...

BACKGROUND Vaginal atrophy is a chronic condition with symptoms that include vaginal dryness, pain during sex, itching, irritation, burning, and discharge, as well as various urinary problems. Up to 45% of postmenopausal women may be affected, but it often remains underreported and undertreated. This article aims to review the current recommendations for treatment of vaginal atrophy, and curren...

It is now apparent that in men and in postmenopausal women, estrogens have important physiological and pathophysiological roles. However, importantly, these actions are at a local level, namely paracrine, autocrine, and even 'intracrine' rather than endocrine in the classical sense. Thus for example local estrogen biosynthesis in the bones of men plays a hitherto unsuspected role in the mainten...