Exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine, alternatively powered by gasoline or by liquefied petroleum gas, were analysed for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The engine operated a lift truck for the handling of warehouse goods. A combined condensation-filtration apparatus was constructed for sampling of the exhausts. The basic steps of the analytical procedure are summarized here. Sev...

The aromatization reaction of liquefied petroleum gas has been studied by using three liquefied petroleum gases as raw material and LBO-A as catalyst, and four lump kinetics models networks have been put up on the basis of lump theory and the aromatization reaction mechanism. In the network the aromatization reaction species was firstly lumped into C 4 , propylene, low molecule hydrocarbon, liq...

An LPG filling station incident in Korea has been studied. The direct cause of the incident was concluded to be faulty joining of the couplings of the hoses during the butane unloading process from a tank lorry into an underground storage tank. The faulty connection of a hose to the tank lorry resulted in a massive leak of gas followed by catastrophic explosions. The leaking source was verified...

More rapid increases in the pH value and hardness during electromagnetic heating of a pan of water were observed than when the pan was heated by LNG or LPG. The water quality changed universally in several tap water samples across Japan. This quality change was closely correlated with the rate of temperature increase, irrespective of heating by electromagnetic induction, LNG or LPG.

In this study, the energy consumption in the food and beverage industries of Iran was investigated. The energy consumption in this sector was modeled using artificial neural network (ANN), response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA). First, the input data to the model were calculated according to the statistical source, balance-sheets and the method proposed in this paper. It ...

For five consecutive eyes from five patients with liquefied aftercataract, Nd:YAG laser treatment significantly reduced high-order aberrations. Two eyes showing a reduction in positive spherical-like aberrations after treatment showed a postoperative myopic shift, while three eyes showing no change in spherical-like aberrations demonstrated hyperopic or only a slight myopic shift.

The central wavelengths of the resonance bands are critical aspect of the performance of long period gratings (LPGs) as sensors, particularly for devices designed to operate near the phase matching turning point (PMTP), where the sensitivity to measurements can vary rapidly. Generally, LPGs are characterized by their period, but the amplitude of the amplitude of the index modulation is also an ...

We present two novel schemes for refractometry based on a long-period fiber grating- (LPG-) based Michelson interferometer. These schemes are designed to overcome the measurement dependence of previously demonstrated LPG-based refractometry on the immersion depth. The first utilizes an unshielded LPG and the second, a shielded one. Both schemes were tested over a certain refractive-index range,...

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is a petroleum derived, colorless gas, typically comprised of mainly propane, butane, or a combination of these two constituents. LPG fuel for vehicles is actually a mixture of various hydrocarbons which are gases at atmospheric pressure and temperature but which liquefy at higher pressures like less than 200 psi. LPG is a natural derivative of both natural gas and...