the cerebral cortex can be functionally subdivided into primary sensory-motor, unimodal association, heteromodal association, paralimbic and limbic regions. broca was the first who described limbic lobe in 1874, as a ring of gray matter, lying between the diencephalon and more lateral neocortex on the medial surface of the hemisphers. it locates outside of the corpus callosum and consists of su...

modern neuroscientific research help to solve the impotent challenge in curriculum design and teaching for enhancing students’ ability to organize information in a way that makes it efficient in response to an appropriate context such as problem solving and critical thinking via knowing about the mechanism of different type of memories especially long term memory. at first, we should to clarify...

The subject of the limbic system is old anatomically, but very new from the point of view of our knowledge of its function-indeed, so new that many of the more important disclosures have been made within the last two years. These recent advances have a direct bearing on many branches of clinical medicine and are of immediate importance both to the general physician and to the neurologist. The l...

Some years ago, while he was President of Harvard, James B. Conant ~ pointed out that scientific theories are not overthrown by the accumulation of observations inconsistent with them, but are only abandoned by displacement by theories that encompass more data and explain known 'exceptions' to the general rules of the existing theory. In short, established concepts and theories disappear only w...

the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (hpa) axis is a critical adaptive system that maximizes survival potential in the face of physical or psychological challenge. the principal end products of the hpa axis, glucocorticoid hormones, act on multiple organ systems, including the brain, to maintain homeostatic balance. the brain is a target of stress, and the hippocampus is the first brain reg...