today, due to qualitative growth and scientific advances, energy, especially electricity is increasingly needed by human society. one of the almost endless and pure energy which have been paid attention over the years is the solar energy. solar cells directly convert solar energy into electrical energy and are one of the main blocks of photovoltaic systems. significant improvement has been made...

Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) techniques are very advantageous compared to the qualitative phase imaging techniques like bright field microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, differential interference contrast microscopy due to measurement of phase information quantitatively. In QPI techniques, there is no need of exogenous contrast agents to stain or tag the specimen. White light diffraction ...

Dispersions of monodisperse macroionic spherical particles self assemble into bcc or fcc crystalline colloidal arrays (CCA), which efficiently Bragg diffract light in the near-IR, visible, and UV spectral regions, depending on the lattice constant and the crystal structure. We report here the observation of an anomalously intense “secondary diffraction”, which occurs at half the wavelength (λB/...