Our long-term goal is unchanged from last year. It is to learn how to predict the cloudiness, entrainment rate, and turbulent fluxes in the marine boundary layer under any and all large-scale conditions. In particular the effects of varying sea surface temperature, varying inversion strength, and varying mean winds must be included. The cloudiness types encompassed include fog, stratus, stratoc...

This numerical study focuses on the response of the Western Adriatic Current to wind forcing. The turbulent buoyant surface current is induced by the Po river outflow in the Adriatic Sea. Idealized and realistic wind conditions are considered by retaining the complex geomorphology of the middle Adriatic basin. In the absence of wind, the Adriatic Promontories force the current to separate from ...

This paper discusses aircraft observations and large-eddy simulation (LES) modeling of 15 May 2008, North Sea boundary-layer clouds from the EUCAARIIMPACT field campaign. These clouds are advected from the northeast by the prevailing lower-tropospheric winds and featured stratocumulus-over-cumulus cloud formations. An almost-solid stratocumulus deck in the upper part of the relatively deep, wea...

Vector surface turbulent stresses are estimated from vector winds determined from space-borne scatterometers. Scatterometer vector winds differ subtly from in situ observations of vector winds. These differences are exaggerated for severe storm conditions, which is advantageous for determining surface stress. A physically based model for surface stress is developed to link surface turbulent str...

In this paper, a modified Rao-2 (MRao-2) algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of optimal power flow (OPF) in system incorporating renewable energy sources (RES). Quasi-oppositional and Levy flight methods are used improve performance Rao algorithm. To demonstrate effectiveness MRao-2 technique, it tested on two standard test systems: an IEEE 30-bus 118-bus system. The objective function O...