a letter of ali ibn- hussein (peace be upon him) to mohammad ibn- moslem known as ibn- shahab zohri has been mentioned in some resources. in this letter, zohri has been reproached by ali ibn-hussein for his cooperation with bani omayeh. this letter is usually cited as an evidence in analysis of imam sajjad's political and social positions. surveying the resources and numerous books shows t...

the term “spirituality” has been proposed to denote the notion of intellectuality. actually, the former has been derived from the latin words “spiritus” (means breath) and “spirare” (means inhaling or breathing). given the latin translations of the new testament, the term “spiritualis” or spiritual person is an individual whose life is dominated or influenced by the holy spirit or god (1).

in recent years, biotechnology has provided the possibility of creating genetically modified (gm) organisms by transferring genes from sources such as viruses, bacteria, animals, and plants into usually unrelated species. this ability to overcome insurmountable physiological barriers by exchanging genetic materials among all living organisms is a double-edged sword. on the one hand, it allows t...

background: letters to the editor provide an opportunity for readers to state their views about published articles. research on this issue has been mainly on western journals and there is no study on the iranian journals. the present study aimed to investigate this subject in iranian biomedical journals. materials and method: this was a bibliometric study. the databases of iran medex, medlib, a...

bactrian was the language of bactria in northern afganistan. this language is considered as one of the eastern middle iranian languages which was used from the first to the ninth century. the remaining materials from this language include coins, seals, inscriptions and documents. in 1990s, many bactrian documents were found amongst which the letters were of most importance as they gave much mor...