while the hydrological balance of forest ecosystems has often been studied, quantitative studies on the seasonal variability of rainfall interception (i) and canopy storage capacity (s) by individual trees are less frequently reported. hence, the effects of the seasonal variation in i and s by individual persian oak trees (quercus brantii var. persica) in the zagros forests of iran were studied...

Flow resistance of natural grasses, sedges and willows was studied in a laboratory flume. The objective was to investigate, how type, density and placement of vegetation, flow depth and velocity influence friction losses. The plants were studied in various combinations under nonsubmerged and submerged conditions in a total of 350 test runs. The results show large variations in the friction fact...

Soundscape analyses and noise measurements should be a part of pre-design works involved in planning green areas city centers. The aim the study was to conduct multi-criteria analysis soundscape three parks Olsztyn (Poland) as landscape process determine directions re-design places most exposed noise. research included: 1. functional spatial park surroundings reference environment, 2. acoustic ...

Flow resistance due to vegetation may greatly affect the conveyance of a channel, and thus evaluating the resistance is a critical task in river engineering and restoration. Therefore, flow resistance of natural willows and sedges was studied in a laboratory flume. The aim was to investigate, how type, density and combination of vegetation, flow depth and velocity influence vegetal drag or fric...

Light driven physiological processes of tree canopies need to be modelled based on detailed 3Dcanopy structure – we explore the possibilities offered by terrestrial LIDAR to automatically represent woody skeletons of leafless trees as a basis for adequate models of canopy structure. The automatic evaluation method for LIDAR data of fruit trees is based on a previously developed skeletonization ...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The endangered leafless ghost orchid, Dendrophylax lindenii, one of the most renowned orchids in the world, is difficult to grow under artificial conditions. Published information on asymbiotic and symbiotic (co-culture with a mycobiont) seed germination, seedling anatomy and developmental morphology of this leafless orchid is completely lacking. This information is critical...

ACTIVE INGREDIENT: Indole-3-butyric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00.8% OTHER INGREDIENTS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.2% TOTAL: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0% HORMODIN 3 is prepared specially for propating the more difficult-to-root varieties, including many of the evergreens and dormant leafless cuttings. Eight ou...