insulting to prophet or imam is obscene, shameful and insupportable for any muslim, so the person who insults must be killed. any where that there is no islamic government or it has not been ordained any rule about killing insulter; killing insulter has no retaliation (punishment). but when legislator especially issued a rule for killing punishment in article513 for the crime of insulting to pr...

Punishment of non-cooperators-free riders-can lead to high cooperation in public goods games (PGG). However, second-order free riders, who do not pay punishment costs, reduce the effectiveness of punishment. Here we introduce a "leader support system," in which one group leader can freely punish group followers using capital pooled through the support of group followers. In our experiment, part...

This study investigated the nature of the relationships between leader reward and punishment behaviors and subordinate performance and satisfaction. Only performance-contingent reward behavior was found to affect subordinate performance significantly. Positive relationships were found between leader contingent reward behavior and employee satisfaction. Contingent punishment had no effects on su...

The adverse effect of harsh corporal punishment on mental health and psychosocial functioning in children has been repeatedly suggested by studies in industrialized countries. Nevertheless, corporal punishment has remained common practice not only in many homes, but is also regularly practiced in schools, particularly in low-income countries, as a measure to maintain discipline. Proponents of c...

This paper investigates the sequential announcement of domestic emissions caps by governments in a international-based tradable pollution permit market for a transboundary pollutant. We …nd the sequential choice of domestic allocation caps is sub-optimal and depends on how the follower government reacts to the leader government’s choice. Furthermore, the marginal damage and the degree to which ...

HLA-E (human leucocyte antigen-E) is a conserved class I major histocompatibility molecule which has only limited polymorphism. It binds to the leader peptide derived from the polymorphic classical major histocompatibility molecules HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C. This peptide binding is highly specific and stabilizes the HLA-E protein, allowing it to migrate to the cell surface. A functioning TAP (tra...

Laissez-faire leadership has received much less attention than have the 3 transactional leadership dimensions of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). However, laissez-faire leadership has shown strong negative relationships with various leadership criteria, and the absence of leadership (laissez-faire leadership) may be just as important as is the presence of other types of leadershi...

Institutional punishment plays a central role in human societies. Yet research in evolutionary game theory has focused almost exclusively on peer punishment. Here we present a model for the evolution of institutional punishment. We consider a set of states (“kingdoms”), each consisting of a number of individuals (“subjects”) and a single leader (“king”). Subjects choose how much to pay to the k...

Rural e-commerce has become an effective measure for rural economic development under the background of digital transformation. Governmental participation is important driving force to encourage formation entrepreneurial ecosystems. From perspective bounded rationality, this paper establishes a tripartite evolutionary game model ecosystem among platform, entrepreneurs and government, systematic...