Professional philosophers say it’s obvious that a Gettier subject does not know. But experimental philosophers and psycho­ logists have argued that laypeople and non­Westerners view Gettier subjects very differently, based on experiments where laypeople tend to ascribe knowledge to Gettier subjects. I argue that when ef­ fectively probed, laypeople and non­Westerners unambiguously agree that Ge...

The aim of the study was to analyse the aesthetic evaluation of head photographs of treated individuals with clefts by laypeople and professionals and to investigate how certain cephalometric variables could be related to their rating. A set of five standardized head photos (frontal, both laterals, three-quater right and left) of 12 Caucasian patients with treated unilateral cleft lip and palat...

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of various sized buccal corridors (BCs) on smile attractiveness. One female smiling photograph, displaying first molar to first molar (M1-M1), was digitally altered to produce (1) smiles that filled 84, 88, 92, 96, and 100 per cent of the oral aperture; (2) second premolar to second premolar smiles (PM2-PM2) that filled 84, 88, 92, and 96 per cent ...

The objectives of this study were to compare the ratings of professionals and laypeople with and without a cleft regarding the facial aesthetics of adult patients previously treated for orofacial clefting. The necessity for further treatment, as perceived by the respective groups, is also compared. The design of the study was a cross-sectional study. Professionals (two plastic surgeons, one den...

BACKGROUND Empirical surveys about medical futility are scarce relative to its theoretical assumptions. We aimed to evaluate the difference of attitudes between laypeople and physicians towards the issue. METHODS A questionnaire survey was designed. Japanese laypeople (via Internet) and physicians with various specialties (via paper-and-pencil questionnaire) were asked about whether they woul...

BACKGROUND Researchers have conducted extensive studies regarding dentoalveolar factors that affect anterior dental esthetics; however, there is no consensus regarding laypeople's perspectives on these factors. METHODS The authors conducted a systematic search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science) until May 2010. They identified and selected ar...

BACKGROUND Undressing the chest of a cardiac arrest victim may delay the initiation of chest compressions. Furthermore, expecting laypeople to undress the chest may increase bystander reluctance to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Both of these factors might conceivably decrease survival following cardiac arrest. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine if the presence or abs...

BACKGROUND A standardized evaluation tool is needed for the assessment of surgical outcomes in cleft lip surgery. Current scales for evaluating unilateral cleft lip/nose (UCL/N) aesthetic outcomes are limited in their reliability, ease of use, and application. The Unilateral Cleft Lip Surgical Outcomes Evaluation (UCL SOE) scale measures symmetry of 4 components and sums these for a total score...

Do laypeople and philosophers differ in their attributions of knowledge? Starmans and Friedman maintain that laypeople differ from philosophers in taking 'authentic evidence' Gettier cases to be cases of knowledge. Their reply helpfully clarifies the distinction between 'authentic evidence' and 'apparent evidence'. Using their sharpened presentation of this distinction, we contend that the argu...

objectives: this study aimed to assess and compare the perception of laypersons and dental professionals of smile esthetics based on two factors namely gingival display and alignment of teeth. materials and methods: a total of 32 females were randomly selected among dental students in the international campus of school of dentistry, tehran university of medical sciences (tehran, iran) with no p...