Wetting phenomena plays an interesting role in the technological development of materials. Recently, much attention has been directed to the study of magnetic solid films. To understand, theoretically, the effect of surface on wetting and layering transitions in these systems, we will give in this chapter a presentation of several relevant recent theoretical works realized on wetting and layeri...

The capacity of a communication network depends on the mode in which the network is operated. The operational mode is determined by the network protocols, which are in turn built within a layered architecture. In the recent years there has been an abundance of efforts to optimize the protocols in the wireless networks through a cross–layer design, which is an approach that goes beyond the appli...

Institutional arrangements used to steer public policies have increasingly become layered. Inspired by the literature on institutional layering and institutional work, this paper aims to make a contribution to our understanding of institutional layering. We do so by studying an interesting case of layering: the Dutch hospital sector. We focus on the actors responsible for the internal governanc...

Canopy structure, the vertical distribution of canopy material, is an important element of forest ecosystem dynamics and habitat preference. Although vertical stratification, or “canopy layering,” is a basic characterization of canopy structure for research and forest management, it is difficult to quantify at landscape scales. In this paper we describe canopy structure and develop methodologie...

Perhaps Functional Grammar’s most distinctive feature is its extensive use of the so-called layered structure of the clause (LSC). The LSC is used as both a descriptive and explanatory construct, dividing the linguistic world into various hierarchically related layers, each with concomitant operators and satellites. Since Hengeveld’s original Layers and Operators article (1989), the principle o...

The temperature dependence of surface-induced atomic layering in liquid gallium has been investigated with x-ray reflectivity. The prominent layering peak at qz52.4 Å 21 decreases dramatically upon heating from 22 to 170 °C, but its width stays, unexpectedly, unchanged. The decrease is traced to the temperature dependence of capillary-wave induced surface roughness. The constant width indicates...

Introduction: Marginal fit is a key factor for long term clinical success through any dental restorations. Poor marginal adaptation causes cement dissolution. This can lead to dental caries, gingival irritation, periodontal diseases, and finally treatment failure. The aim of this study was measurement and comparison of marginal gap quantities in metal ceramic and all ceramic dental restorations...

We show how layering in communication software violates the principle of separating concerns. Examples illustrate that layering couples receiver-and sender functions, sharing message headers among layers creates dependencies between layers that largely compromise re-usability, QoS management is scattered over all layers, and layers are tightly coupled with the sub-system that executes it. Layer...