introduction conservation and management of landscapes and beautiful sceneries is one of the necessities of establishing and maintaining the protected areas. analysis of landscape visual quality has an important place in landscape planning and designing. in this way, reviewing effective criteria and discovering the simple patterns which affect the landscapes is the most important step of modeli...

A review of the archeological and non-archeological use of visibility networks reveals the use of a limited range of formal techniques, in particular for representing visibility theories. This paper aims to contribute to the study of complex visual relational phenomena in landscape archeology by proposing a range of visibility network patterns and methods. We propose firstand second-order visib...

In this essay we review the major developments in the history and techniques of landscape visibility analysis, providing a number of examples and identifying a few critical challenges to the community of those who would seek to evaluate visibilityöand related characteristics such as visual quality or preferenceöin landscapes. We argue that visibility per se is a necessary prerequisite, but insu...

Smartphone applications are driving a growing interest in 3D modelling – in particular the use of LiDAR for modelling city landscapes at high levels of precision and accuracy. In such dynamic environments, where we wish to make decisions based on places of interest that are in the (rapidly changing) field of view, it is critical that we address performance issues in visibility analysis. This pa...

The relationship between liquid equivalent snowfall rate and visibility is investigated using data collected at the National Center for Atmospheric Research Marshall Snowfall Test Site during two winter field seasons and using theoretical relationships. The observational data include simultaneous liquid equivalent snowfall rate, crystal types, and both automated and manual visibility measuremen...

We present a dynamic placement technique for annotations of virtual landscapes that is based on efficient view management. Annotations represent textual or symbolic descriptions and provide explanatory or thematic information associated with spatial positions. The technique handles external annotations as 2.5 dimensional objects and adjusts their positions with respect to available space in the...

Experimental studies on enzyme evolution show that only a small fraction of all possible mutation trajectories are accessible to evolution. However, these experiments deal with individual enzymes and explore a tiny part of the fitness landscape. We report an exhaustive analysis of fitness landscapes constructed with an off-lattice model of protein folding where fitness is equated with robustnes...

For several decades, Geographic Information Systems (GISs) have held center stage in archaeological studies of ancient landscapes. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) technologies such as airborne LiDAR and aerial photogrammetry are allowing us to acquire inordinate amounts of georeferenced 3D data to locate, map, and visualize archaeological sites within their surrounding landscapes. GIS offers l...