background: pre-pregnancy care is considered as the services assessing and reducing the pregnancy risks through providing medical care and mental support. therefore, a pre-pregnancy counseling protocol was prepared based on a series of guidelines. this study aimed to determine the effect of the protocol on pregnancy and labor indices. methods: this was a four-phase field study conducted in four...

Labor income indices are created for groupings of individuals, using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. People are grouped by a clustering algorithm based on an estimated transition matrix between jobs, by education level, and by skill category. The groupings are defined so that relatively few people move between them. For each of the groupings, we generate a labor income index using...

materials and methods this was a three-armed parallel-group randomized clinical trial in which 168 pregnant women (25-28 weeks) in their first and second pregnancies were divided into three groups of 56 (holy quran with translation, holy quran without translation, and control group) by randomized blocking. the intervention was implemented once a week for three weeks in the health center, and on...

Leisure-inclusive welfare indices, such as the real wage index, have been previously investigated only with aggregate data. Using micro data, however, these indices show the effects of increasing labor market employment of household members. Real wage, expenditure, and nonlabor income indices are compared across six types of husband/wife households. These indices are also compared to ad hoc rea...

BACKGROUND Pre-pregnancy care is considered as the services assessing and reducing the pregnancy risks through providing medical care and mental support. Therefore, a pre-pregnancy counseling protocol was prepared based on a series of guidelines. This study aimed to determine the effect of the protocol on pregnancy and labor indices. METHODS This was a four-phase field study conducted in four...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Spinal anesthesia is used for relief of pain during labor and it is associated with low indices of complications. Studies with levorotatory enantiomers of local anesthetics demonstrate higher safety due to the lower cardiotoxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the latency and duration of analgesia and maternal and fetal repercussions with bupivacaine (S7...

China experienced drastic economic openness and industrialization from 1860s to 1936. However, little quantitative evidence has been collected to study the extents and impacts of these changes. This project estimates nominal wage series in nearly fifty Chinese cities from 1858 to 1936 using newly constructed Maritime Custom employees’ wage data. It also constructs cost of living indices on the ...

BACKGROUND Although previous research indicates that mental disorders detract from labor market outcomes, little is known about which psychiatric symptoms are most important. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify the mechanisms, or most important symptoms, through which psychiatric disorders affect labor market outcomes. We focus on major depressive episode, panic attack, soci...

purpose: labor market is one of the most important markets in iran as in many developed and developing countries. however, although attention to this market has always been at the forefront of economic planning, but in most cases, quantity matters more than quality in this market. it is also visible as regional differences especially the case in urban areas. therefore, the study of the quality ...