The L4 molecular chirality can be amplified to a supramolecular scale by coassembling with SDS. Further incorporation of the CB[8] leads inversion via change from lamellar structure L4/SDS rectangular stacking in L4/SDS/CB[8].

Interneurons in layers 2/3 are excited by pyramidal cells within the same layer (Reyes et al., 1998; Gupta et al., 2000), but little is known about translaminar innervation of these interneurons by spiny neurons in the main cortical input layer 4 (L4). Here, we investigated (1) how efficiently L4 spiny neurons excite L2/3 interneurons via monosynaptic connections, (2) whether glutamate release ...

We have investigated the dendritic and axonal morphology of connected pairs of L4 spiny neurons and L2/3 pyramidal cells in rat barrel cortex. The 'projection' field of the axons of L4 spiny neurons in layers 2/3, 4 and 5 has a width of 400-500 microm thereby defining an anatomical barrel-column. In layer 2/3, the averaged axonal 'projection' field of L4 spiny neurons together with the dendriti...

Membrane-bound proteases are essential for epidermal integrity. Human airway trypsin-like protease 4 (HAT-L4) is a type II transmembrane serine protease. Currently, its biochemical property, cellular distribution and physiological function remain unknown. Here we examined HAT-L4 expression and function in vitro and in vivo. In Western analysis, HAT-L4 expressed in transfected CHO cells appeared...

Many cell-intrinsic mechanisms have been shown to regulate neuronal subtype specification in the mammalian neocortex. However, how much cell environment is crucial for subtype determination still remained unclear. Here, we show that knockdown of Protocadherin20 (Pcdh20), which is expressed in post-migratory neurons of layer 4 (L4) lineage, caused the cells to localize in L2/3. The ectopically p...

UNIX has remained a mainstay of modern computing. With its foundations of security, reliability, performance and configurability, UNIX has adapted to and is used in a vast array of environments. While UNIX fosters robustness, modularity and a “smaller is better” philosophy, that scrutiny is generally not applied to the kernel itself. Modern UNIX kernels have large, unwieldy code bases that do n...

After being introduced by IBM in the 1960s, virtualization has experienced a renaissance in recent years. It has become a major industry trend in the server context and is also popular on consumer desktops. In addition to the well-known benefits of server consolidation and legacy preservation, virtualization is now considered in embedded systems. In this paper, we want to look beyond the term t...

Machine-checked proofs are becoming ever-larger, presenting an increasing maintenance challenge. Isabelle’s most popular language interface, Isar, is attractive for new users, and powerful in the hands of experts, but has previously lacked a means to write automated proof procedures. This can lead to more duplication in large proofs than is acceptable. In this paper we present Eisbach, a proof ...

Adenoviruses express up to 20 distinct mRNAs from five major late transcription unit (MLTU) regions, L1 to L5, by differential splicing and polyadenylation of the primary transcript. MLTU expression is regulated at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. The L4-33K protein acts as a splicing factor to upregulate several MLTU splice acceptor sites as the late phase progresses. The L4 reg...