Abstract The Qara Khitai or Western Liao dynasty (1124–1218) is one of the most fascinating polities in medieval Eurasia, but also least documented terms both literary sources and material culture. Founded by Khitan refugees who escaped from North China when Jurchen Jin (1115–1234) vanquished (907–1125), soon established a multicultural empire Central Asia, combining Khitan, Chinese, Muslim ele...

the qara-khitai government of kerman was founded by the efforts of borāq hājib in about 1223 a.d (619 a.h.) and was continued by his descendants ruling some parts of kerman and its surroundings over a period of 80 years (from1223 to 1305). despite the chaotic situation in iran during 13th century, the rulers of this new-founded government not only protected their own territory from mongol invas...

iranian society was a patriarchal one in which men had normally the highest authorities in political, social and economic relations and women often were absent from the scene of the official policy. but, since the prior qualification of the king was his attachment to the royal origins and family, the female’s rule was practiced in the case of unavailability of the mature males. thus, seyr-al mo...